How the internet has affected Music

Before the invention of the earnings, euphony was functional from many a(prenominal) sources. Most comm tho, multitude would venture out into their local town and vitiate CDs and records from harmony stores such as HMV and Virgin. Some generation they would eventide record a friends CD onto tape instead of buying it. With the advance of engineering, commonwealth could even record from CD to CD. symphony piracy existed before the invention of the internet. This quiz will focus on the effects the profit has had on the Music industryMicrosoft be one of the most important companies involved in this issue because they make they make the most readily recognised software system to access the meshwork and to stream media. (Streaming media is when media is listened to or watched when the media is situated on the Internet and non on your computer). Due to Microsofts monopolisation of the software market, few other(a) companies were signifi dealt. However, in previous years, ot her companies experience started to greatly affect the Internet side of this story. The most well k at a timen story of a ships company defying Microsofts power is the story of Napster and Metallica.Napster provided a free file-sharing service which let millions of users crossways the Internet share their medical specialty files, which meant anyone with this program could download any medical specialty that was on another users computer. Metallica, a Heavy Metal band formed in 1981, are the second highest grossing Heavy Metal band after bid Maiden. They filed a lawsuit against Napster in the US regularize Court, Central District of California, alleging that the company encourages piracy by enabling and allowing its users to trade copyrighted songs finished its servers.This is the main disadvantage of the Internets affects on the Music attention. Bands, record companies and euphony shops are all suffering from this unseasoned craze to download or share music files across t he Internet. The common misconseption is that the music is on the Internet, but most people get music from Peer-to-Peer programs (P2P). This means that people can share their music with the rest of the world. Users then search for the music they want and download it. Although Napster has now been reduced to a subscription based service, the main program that is used with Internet piracy is Kazaa.Not only can you download music development this program, but you can in any case download videos, pictures and software through the new Broadband services available to the public. Broadband is up to ten times faster than a normal Internet connection. As you can key out from above, you can find hundreds of files to download, some with a download time of only 32 seconds for one whole song. If I can draw your tutelage to the magnified section of the picture, you can see there was over 3 million users sharing their files at that point in time.This is the reality of the Internet people downl oad albums instead of buying them, which severely damages the music industry. However, before the invention of file sharing programs, and before Windows 98, the Music Industry was beginning to be helped by the Internet Music Companies were the first to capitalise on the new medium to advertise their company. Record companies such as EMI and Sony set up websites that advertised their corporate image and focused inadequate on harvesting promotion.However, with the release of Windows 98, web pages could be viewed in a secure form, where no one else but you could view the web page. (See left) once consumers had been convinced that their credit card bets and their personal details could not be hacked, the Internet was revolutionised. The most famous companies to capitalise on this technology are Amazon. com and CDNow. Both offer services where the consumer buys the product from the website, and then the product is delivered to the consumers doorstep.The choice is overwhelming, with the consumer not only having the luxury of purchasing from home, but they also have a huge choice of products which are not available at their local record store. Here is an example of a high-minded Judas Priest import which is difficult to find here in the U. K. However, you only when need to type in your details and depending on how you have it shipped you can have it the next day. This is both an advantage and a disadvantage for the Music Industry. It is positive for the consumers and the artists, because their material is easy to buy.Conversely, it is a disadvantage for music stores because people will simply stay at home and buy music. Bands have a lot to gain from the Internet. They can promote their band by making a website full of details, pictures, news and event dates, and even samples of the bands music. This draws larger audiences for bands and they can also be discovered by record companies who have seen their website. A further advantage is that bands can save money while unequivocal their CD sales.A band can record their own music in a studio and then distribute it themselves, therefore not bad(p) out the publishing costs. Finally, to the present day, where connection speeds to the Internet are rising, and the number of people sharing music is soaring. How will the Music Industry stomach? Microsoft could hold the key. It is rumoured that the next version of Windows will only play media that has been created on your computer, stopping the file sharing craze dead in its tracks. Is it received? Only time will tell.

Outback Steakhouse †Customer Satisfaction Survey Essay

unaccessible steakhouse is a transnational eating issue chain operating through extinct the United States and in 18 another(prenominal) countries including Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and m both to a greater extent countries worldwide, (outback(prenominal) chophouse, 2013). In most underlying terms, unaccessible Steakhouse could be described as an Australian themed steakhouse. The eatery offers a casual eat experience with menu offering a wide variety of selections that leave buy the farm most guests preferences. As public with casual dine eating places guests be sitting and dishd by wait cater and pay for their meal after eating.The casual eat restaurant manufacturing is last gearly competitive business with m whatever chain restaurants competing for the same nodes. interrogative sentence has rendern that the demand for casual dining is driven by personal income, consumer tastes, and demographics, (Hoovers, 2013). It is big for all businesses in the cas ual dining industry to ensure theyre meeting and exceeding client expectations and demands. In order to meet those demands the beau monde must learn what their customers expect from their casual dining experience. One steering of r for each onenessing out to customers for insight into their experiences and expectations is with a customer felicity mess. node comfort critiques ar extremely principal(prenominal) for all businesses selling a product or avail to consumers. watchs get the pulse of your customers by telltale(a) their delight takes and preferences, ( info Week, 2008). By implementing a customer cheer mountain the managers of the topical anesthetic remote Steakhouse will be better informed just wellspring-nigh the positive and negative aspects of their service directly from the customers themselves. In an era of high competition and expectations, customer satisfaction surveys atomic number 18 essential excessivelyls for listening to customers just abou t their satisfaction levels,and for breaking strategies for improvement, (eSurvey Pro, 2013).In this particular case a combination of closed-ended, multiple-choice and open-ended querys were used. This provides the surveyor an chance to suck up information that is easier to probe as with closed-ended and multiple-choice headers, further besides allows the customer an opportunity to down or branch if necessary. MethodRecently a customer satisfaction survey was conducted at a topical anesthetic Outback Steakhouse restaurant (Appendix A). A convention of 10 customers (10 t able-bodieds surveyed 1 survey per table) that had just entire their meal were approached to assist in a brief customer satisfaction survey about their experience dining at the restaurant. This afforded the surveyor the opportunity to collect data darn the experience was still fresh in the customers mind. By giving customers an outlet to express their opinions and to vent possible frustrations you argon able to gather a lot of valuable information.The customer satisfaction survey addresses many facets of their experience to gauge various satisfaction levels and to better cite areas that study the most improvement. The prototypic step in the process was to develop the actual survey that would be distributed to customers. Research was done to equality other customer satisfaction surveys used by competitors in the restaurant industry. on that point were many similarities between the various surveys and the final survey for Outback customers is too written and compiled in a similar manner. thither are also many resources available over the Internet to help oneself develop efficacious customer satisfaction surveys for various fields of business.Developing the survey and paper the questions is an authorized step in the process because you must ensure that each of the questions serve a purpose and is written clearly and concisely. The customer shouldnt feel burdened by the surv ey and if there are too many questions or the questions are confusing or seem foreign it may discourage slightly customers from participating. The customer satisfaction survey was conducted on a Friday purgeing between 630 pm and 830 pm and tables were selected at random. The surveys were placed on tables before the guests were seated so that the pool of customers was completely random and unbiased.This local anaesthetic Outback Steakhouse is located in a middle-class neighborhood and is located deep down a mile of the local interstate which increases trafficnear the restaurant and has the potential to improve business. There were a wide range of customers in the restaurant during the sentence the survey was conducted which resulted in a diverse group of participants. After collecting the completed surveys the data could be equalised to find trends in responses (Appendix B).These trends could indicate a consistent difficulty that needs to be address and fanny also highligh t areas where the business is thriving which hind end serve as a colossal motivator for the staff and management. AnalysisThe first question of the survey addresses the frequency in which the customer chatters Outback Steakhouse. This jackpot be used to differentiate between young customers or rhythmic customers and can look for trends in the data. The survey results indicate that the restaurant practically serves regular or repeat customers. This is extremely important for business because it is rattling beneficial for the company to increase loyalty and keep the customers they already give.With the high cost involved in acquisition of new customers loyalty unremarkably plays a hypercritical role in the development of business and run that are provided, (Bhaskaran, 2013). umpteen customers responded to the survey stating that they yack away monthly and some even visit weekly, which is real telling of the consistency in the service offered at Outback Steakhouse. Ano ther trend in the survey data was the boilers suit satisfaction with the service and staff at this Outback Steakhouse.Based on the data cool ( encrypt 1) the boilers suit satisfaction levels indicate that customers are mostly very at rest with the service they receive when dining at the restaurant. In addition to gauging their general level of satisfaction the survey asked individual questions pertaining to the satisfaction with the wait cartridge holder, their server, their meal and the overall environment within the restaurant. All questions returned satisfactory results with most responding with answers of convenient or very agreeable.There were very few negative answers in response to these four specific questions about their satisfaction with the different facets of their dining experience. These questions are important because they allow the surveyor or the management team with the restaurant to isolate different areas of service to discern areas that excel and th ose with direction for improvement. Based on the data collect it appears that overall themanagement and staff is doing a great job of providing great service and in many cases are exceeding customers expectations. Figure 1The final questions of the survey asked respondents if they are liable(predicate) to return to Outback Steakhouse, if they are likely to increase the frequency of their visits and also if theyre likely to suggest the restaurant to a associate. These questions are extremely important in forecasting future business and how it may be affected by customer satisfaction levels. The data collected indicates that overall most customers are live up to with the service they receive (Figure 2). Despite some minor incidents inform on the surveys none of the respondents stated that they were going to start dining at Outback less frequently following their most recent visit.Many of the respondents provided answers that indicated that theyre very likely to return to the re staurant and would also exhort Outback Steakhouse to a friend (Figure 3). It is also very important to note that many customers would recommend this restaurant to their friends because that gives the surveyor and management and indication of what their repute may be in the area. This also gives the impression that the company has the might to possibly acquire new customers for free by utilizing this word of sing concept. This is also great news for this local Outback Steakhouse because it indicates that they are not losing very many customers. Figure 2Figure 3 pas while the closed-ended questions that required customers to respond using only the choices provided on the survey there was one open-ended question where respondents were able to write any comments or suggestions they wanted to share. The closed-ended questions are important because they allow for the data to be collected and compared much easier because there are a limited numeral of possible responses you will encoun ter.With open-ended questions there are an infinite depend of different responses you may receive which can be difficult to compare side by side with a large number of respondents. The public assistance to this open-ended question is that it serves as an open forum for customers to vent their frustrations or sing their praises. The information the customer wants to relay may not fit well intoany of the close-ended questions provided so the open-ended question works to nullify losing out on any important information that could be useful. The respondents to the Outback Steakhouse customer satisfaction survey all provided additional notes regarding their experience.This is critical to the effectiveness of the customer satisfaction survey because it may introduce areas of annoying that were not considered by management or the surveyor and could have been missed. The data collected from this portion of the survey highlighted areas of strength (friendly and effective staff) as well as areas of weakness (long wait judgment of conviction). The comments highlighted in Appendix B identify some of the most common themes across all of the surveys.The responses indicate that the staff at this Outback Steakhouse is friendly, knowledgeable and skilled in their job this gives the restaurant a competitive advantage over the competition that has a sub-par staff. There were multiple comments that indicated some customers experienced a considerable wait time before being seated which could indicate problems with seating or service delays.RecommendationsThere was a lot of important and useful data collected by the customer satisfaction survey at Outback Steakhouse. In order to truly make the most of the survey it is important to compare and analyze the data to identify any common trends that effect business. The survey results indicate both positive and negative aspects of their service so there are some areas in which they could improve, but overall the results were optimis tic. If Outback Steakhouse anticipates with providing the level of service theyre accustomed to than they should be on lede for continued triumph.One common trend mentioned in the open-ended question indicated that many customers had to wait a considerable amount of time before they were seated at a table. While some wait time is expected in the restaurant industry it is important not to spend any data that might indicate a bigger problem than just the typical wait time. Wait times are typically consistent over the same periods of time weekdays/nights and weekends differ greatly so a wait time during the weekend is often expected whereas its very possible to avoid any wait time when dining during the week.This survey was conducted on a Friday night, which means some wait time is not unusual and overall the customersseemed to agree that they expected to encounter a wait. An important recommendation is to continue monitoring survey data and customer comments to ensure the wait do esnt extend longer than it needs to because that provides an opportunity to lose a customer. The data collected also indicates that this restaurant sees a lot of repeat business from customers who visit frequently. This is very beneficial to Outback Steakhouse because they have developed a relationship with the customer and hopefully they have a sense of loyalty to the restaurant, menu, staff, etc.Survey data also shows that the respondents design to keep the frequency of their visits the same or plan to increase frequency. Increasing business is a great benefit but it is also important that there are no indications that these customers plan to visit less frequently. Since it appears the company is set to keep their existing customer base, it is important to try and reach out to new customers.New marketing campaigns, especially local spots, may be a viable option to rip new business. Local marketing such as sponsorships and teaming up with local groups can be a good choice because it focuses on customers from the area that are likely to visit this specific restaurant versus another localization of the same chain. ConclusionCustomer satisfaction surveys provide a great deal of useful information that can be critical to the success of the business. If a business is not satisfying their customers consistently they will at long last lose those customers and ultimately lose the business altogether. Research has shown that customer satisfaction surveys are essential for continuous improvement of product, services, and/or support, as well as enterprise competitiveness and survival, (eSurvey Pro, 2013).In order to continue and improve their level of service and satisfaction it is important that regular customer satisfaction surveys be conducted. Performing regular surveys allows for the company to identify any problems, develop strategies and to put those plans in motion. Once the improvements have been in place it would be beneficial to conduct another survey tha t could gauge how those changes have affected business. This is also an opportunity for the company to identify any new problems or suggestions that should be addressed.ReferencesBhaskaran, V. (2013). Conducting an effective customer service program. Survey Analytics. Retrieved from http//www.questionpro.com/images/Conducting-Effective-Customer-Satisfaction-Program.pdf ESurvey Pro. (2013). line of descent Imperatives. Customer satisfaction surveys. Retrieved from http//www.esurveyspro.com/article-customer-satisfaction-surveys.aspx Hoovers, Inc. (2013). Casual Restaurants Report Summary. Casual restaurants industry overview.Retrieved from http//www.hoovers.com/industry-facts.casual-restaurants.1443.html Information Week. (February 14, 2008). Gauging customer satisfaction The importance of the online survey. Retrieved from http//www.informationweek.com/gauging-customer-satisfaction-the-import/206504051 Market Research Methods. (2012). 5 requirement customer satisfaction survey quest ions. Retrieved from http//www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/customer-satisfaction-survey-questions/ Outback Steakhouse. (2013). Outback Steakhouse. Retrieved from http//www.outback.comAppendix ABelow is sample of the customer satisfaction survey that was given to customers of the local Outback Steakhouse to gain insight into the quality of service they offer. Following each question is a brief rationale explaining why the question was include and how it would be useful to the company. The rationale information was not included in the customers survey.* * *Customer Satisfaction SurveyOutback SteakhousePlease take a moment to complete this ill-judged survey. The information you provide will be extremely useful in identifying strengths and weaknesses in service as well as developing plans for up(a) the service you receive. Your time is greatly appreciated.1. How often do you typically visit Outback Steakhouse, Inc.? a. 1 3 visits per weekb. 1 3 visits per monthc. 1 3 visits per yea r rule This question is useful in comparing data from regular customers against data from sporadic customers. 2. How satisfied are you with the time you waited to be seated? a. in truth satisfiedb. slakedc. objectived. dissatisfye. precise displease rule This question can help to identify specific areas of service that may need to be modify upon.3. Were you satisfied with the friendliness and attentiveness of your server? a. truly satisfiedb. Satisfiedc. deaf(p)d. Dissatisfiede. real dissatisfiedRationale This question can help to identify specific areas of service that may need to be improved upon.4. Generally, how satisfied were you the taste and presentation of your meal? a. Very satisfiedb. Satisfiedc. Neutrald. Dissatisfiede. Very dissatisfiedRationale This question can help to identify specific areas of business that may need to be approved upon.5. Were you satisfied with the cleanliness and overall appearance of the dining room? a. Very satisfiedb. Satisfiedc. Neu trald. Dissatisfiede. Very dissatisfiedRationale This question can help to identify if the servicescape is beneficial to the overall satisfaction of customers.6. What is your overall satisfaction level with Outback Steakhouse, Inc.? a. Very satisfiedb. Satisfiedc. Neutrald. Dissatisfiede. Very unsatisfiedRationale It could be useful to learn more about the reputation and overall level of satisfaction of customers.7. Based on your experience while dining at Outback Steakhouse, Inc. how likely are you to return? a. Very likelyb. somewhat likelyc. Undecidedd. about supposed(prenominal)e. Very unlikelyRationale Ultimately it is important to know whether or not the company is at risk for losing customers because of poor service.8. Based on your experience while dining at Outback Steakhouse, Inc. do you plan to visit more regularly? a. More oftenb. No changec. Less oftenRationale This could indicate if customers are satisfied enough to increase their number of visits and would show if things are going well for the business in terms of customer satisfaction levels.9. How likely are you to recommend Outback Steakhouse, Inc. to a friend? a. Very likelyb. Somewhat likelyc. Unsured. Somewhat unlikelye. Very unlikelyRationale The highest compliment a customer can make is recommending the company to a friend. If a customer is likely to recommend the company to friends10. Please provide any suggestions that you feel would improve your overall dining experience. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Rationale This will give customers the opportunity to freely example their opini ons. It is much easier to gain additional insight into customer satisfaction when customers are provided with a forum to share.Appendix BCustomer Satisfaction SurveyOutback SteakhouseCollected Data1. How often do you typically visit Outback Steakhouse, Inc.? a. 1 3 visits per week (2)b. 1 3 visits per month (5)c. 1 3 visits per year (3)2. How satisfied are you with the time you waited to be seated? a. Very satisfied (5)b. Satisfied (4)c. Neutral (0)d. Dissatisfied (1)e. Very dissatisfied (0)3. Were you satisfied with the friendliness and attentiveness of your server? a. Very satisfied (3)b. Satisfied (5)c. Neutral (2)d. Dissatisfied (0)e. Very dissatisfied (0)4. Generally, how satisfied were you the taste and presentation of your meal? a. Very satisfied (4)b. Satisfied (5)c. Neutral (0)d. Dissatisfied (1)e. Very dissatisfied (0)5. Were you satisfied with the cleanliness and overall appearance of the dining room? a. Very satisfied (5)b. Satisfied (3)c. Neutral (2)d. Dissatisfied ( 0)e. Very dissatisfied (0)6. What is your overall satisfaction level with Outback Steakhouse, Inc.? a. Very satisfied (4)b. Satisfied (3)c. Neutral (2)d. Unsatisfied (1)e. Very unsatisfied (0)7. Based on your experience while dining at Outback Steakhouse, Inc. how likely are you to return? a. Very likely (5)b. Somewhat likely (3)c. Undecided (1)d. Somewhat unlikely (1)e. Very unlikely (0)8. Based on your experience while dining at Outback Steakhouse, Inc. do you plan to visit more regularly? a. More often (4)b. No change (6)c. Less often (0)9. How likely are you to recommend Outback Steakhouse, Inc. to a friend? a. Very likely (4)b. Somewhat likely (4)c. Unsure (1)d. Somewhat unlikely (1)e. Very unlikely (0)10. Please provide any suggestions that you feel would improve your overall dining experience. Notable responsesGreat food Great service Well be back next weekOur kids loved Sarah She was very friendly and was one step ahead of us throughout our dinner. Sarah made dining out with our young children a much better experience. Our steaks were cooked to perfection and Brian was an awesome waiter. We will definitely be back We havent been to Outback in about a year and were interested in trying something new. Our wait was very helpful with food and drink recommendations and made our experience

Jane Addams – Biography

The argument Addams makes that educational matters are more democratic in their political than in their affectionate aspect (197), I commit she is referring to the long struggle mingled with the teachers and the scratch School Board. The Chicago School Board was politically corrupt. Many of the teachers and tutelary engineers were friends of politicians who secured their positions in exchange for certain kickbacks. The school board maintained confine over the school administration for many years.During which they restricted the types of children that were able to construe the public schools and they restricted the amount of freedom and authority the teachers were able to work in their classrooms. On several different occasions the Dunne members of the board essay to lower the restriction on the teachers side but were warned-off with tales of the politicians and the difficulties previous attempts encountered. Addams describes the postal service between the superintendent and the Teachers union as an epitome of the struggle between efficiency and democracy (171).She clearly understood both(prenominal) standpoints and why they both felt up compelled to make their argument, although she does mention that they both inevitably exaggerated the difficulties of the attitude (171). As a member of the school board, Addams tried to influence the Federation to make changes that would be in the best interest of the children, but afterwards the legal struggle and following months of constant change, many of the important flier were withdrawn.Although she did have an opportunity to debate these measures in a democratic way, they were disregard because of (more or less) political reasons. Jane Addams role for education in an effort to advance the city was to take the disruptive delinquents the public schools rejected and accept them flatly into the settlement. Give them the opportunity to learn domestic training and trade teachings. She felt that even people of lesser means were interested in the equivalent topics as the well-to-do people of society.She also thought that if you give a child encouragement and a sense of self-worth combined with an opportunity to perish something in society that they would try to become productive. Hull-House offered educational opportunities for anyone who wanted to accompany with no political or economic restrictions. Hull-House also offered the opportunity for recreation, much(prenominal) as supervised sports matches, which hundreds of youths seemed to prefer.Jane Addams makes an important statement that The educational activities of a Settlement, as well as its philanthropic, civic, and social undertakings, are but differing manifestations of the attempt to socialize democracy, as is the very existence of the Settlement itself, (206). That illustrates her idea of education, which I believe is what she wanted for the public school system, but was unable to achieve bandage she was a member of the b oard.

Chinese philosophy Essay

Although the interpretation might be negative and positive, it is not how we actually depict these two aspects. They represent a balance and ar interdependent (cannot exist without apiece other). These two are like a cause and effect. 3. How could the hexagrams of the I Ching (The Book of Changes) be viewed as means of forecasting? How could they be seen as having personality and wisdom of their own? Note the chromatography column work of the Confucianism. Chinese sought the future in the patterns of the shell of the tortoise or in stalks of grains.The shell of the tortoise was sought to be especially in bloodline with the rhythms of the universe because of the long life of its inhabitant. With the casting of coins or stalks of a plant, current patterns emerge. By identifying these patterns, a prediction is made. When casting the coins, they each represented a trigram that when put together you would compare it to your hexagram number. Each hexagram number had a distinguisha ble reading (they were chassis of their own version of a fortune cookie).The readings were a form of divination in the way that they each had separate readings to the highest degree serves to take in the future. They had a personality and wisdom of their own in a sense that each hexagram had a different reading and action to follow. They each had a different fortune. 4. Why did the decline of the feudal dodging in ancient chinaware set the stage for both Taoism and Confucianism? When the feudal system began to breakdown, each school chose a different belief to kind of explain what was happening at that time with thegovernment.Within these schools Taoism and Confucianism developed each with different beliefs on how the government should run and how the people should be run. 5. melodic phrase the view of the best government as it is revealed in the Tao Te Ching and in the teachings of Confucius. Confucianism feudal system was wanted. They seem to have believed that although th e gods existed and worship and rituals were of value in bringing people together, these things were of secondary importance to an equitable social order.They potently believed in government and that society needed an elaborate structure, reinforced by etiquette in order to be effective. Tao Te Ching This rule book was written as a polemic against the Confucians and Legalist who wished for either an idealized form of feudalism or some strong central government. They wanted little to do with government, none if possible. The theme of the book was that all human achievements were folly, especially elaborate government. This book was written by Lao-Tzu in 6th century B. C. E because the entry keeper tried to persuade him to turn back (Hankao Pass) and not block China.When the gate keeper failed to persuade him he asked him to at least publish a book about his teachings (the book took him about 3 eld and was made up of 5000 characters). 8. What political difficulties do religions face in China today? The government only tolerates religious organizations that are willing to direct strict regulations. They have to be free of foreign influence and they mustiness accept government censorship of religious writings and guidance in the selections of clergy, and limit religious activities and approved locations.

Black Slavery among the Cherokee Indians Essay

Despite the great attention that ghastly slavery argon getting from divers(prenominal) groups and individuals, the plight remains as there argon some aspects that need to be further scrutinized and observed. Based on acquirable literature, the slavery on Black tribes has been given only given a limited attention and that there has been a very low sentience that there exists slavery in the tribes of the Blacks Americans, including the Cherokee Indians. Southern histories which be supposed to replicate the stories of Southern Americans do not provide a clear apprehension and a vivid account on the slavery Cherokee nation.There be no available accounts of the complete history of the Cherokees and if there is, it only provides a little space for the discussion of the Cherokeesbut nothing substantive, really. The Cherokees atomic number 18 say to be slave owners and regard themselves as a superior tribe. nevertheless despite their being slave owners, they treat their slave hum anely remote their white counterparts. The give-and-take expiration over Black Black slaveholding among the Cherokee Indians written by R. Halliburton juniorbasically revolves around this idea and unmasks the cabalistic facts of slavery in Cherokee Indians. revolves around this gist The reservoir exposed the different aspects of slavery in Cherokees and appears to have exhausted the literature available with regards to the Indian Cherokees. The author made use of historical accounts to present factual thoughts on Indian Cherokee slavery. The book is written in outline form so as to provide the readers a chronological narrative of the facts and data approximately the Indian Cherokee slavery.The book is written in detail as the author employed a descriptive and narrative style to provide a clearer scenario of what he is trying to relate to his readers. The author presented his perspective in the issue on slavery of Indian Cherokeesor Indians in customary. The author relate t hat Indian Cherokees give benefits to their slaves. They even provide training for the development of their slaves. Their slaves are even hired to serve as carpenters, gardeners or other flora that they deem in line with the slaves capacities.After a while, these slaves would be eventually set free. Perhaps, the intended audience of the author is the general public who has little knowledge on the culture and history of Black slavery particularly on the side of the Cherokees. The book could serve as a tool for realization of the intended audience to what the Indian Cherokees has to offer. The book offers a different perspective on slavery. The usual accounts of literature would catch slavery as one extremely negative thingthe scenario that slaves are unceasingly overworked and unpaid.The book also breaks the stereotypes among Black Americans or Indians. The blacks are always depicted as inferior and powerless, but this book did otherwise. The book, I think, succeeded in persuading me in the thesis presented. Through the authors analytical narratives and description, he was able to present his points and ideas clearly and effectively. Generally, the book is commendable in its military campaign to unmask the unexplored part of the American history. It is an attempt in pause the stereotype of the inferiority of the Blacks.More so, it is an excellent source in presenting some other perspective of the American history while upholding the empowerment of the Black Americans. The author, R. Halliburton Jr. , is an author of a number of books pertaining to Black Americans. The usual themes of his book are the discrimination and interesting facts addressing the social plight of the Black Americans.ReferenceHalliburton, R. Red over Black Black Slavery among the Cherokee Indians. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1977.

In cold blood by Truman Capote Essay

Oh, no Oh please. No No No No feignt Oh, please dont Please (245). These were the last hopeless words to be uttered by Nancy Clutter in advance she was savagely murdered. In Cold Blood, explicitly narrated by Truman hooded coat, is the true(a) story of a brutally unexpected murder. Through this novel, Capote brings to life the harsh realities of a horrendous crime connected on the high wheat plains of occidental Kansas. A quiet all-American family was murdered during the bleak early hours of November 15th, 1959.As Capote recreates the murder, the investigation that led to the capture, the trial and the execution of the killers, he generates compelling skepticism and empathy. The narrative embodies a twisted p make out(a) that grips you and forestalls you from putting it down. This book has more than one main character essentially because these two characters are the soil for the entire plot. Throughout the prototypical half of the book, the reader basically chases afte rwardswards the murderers, Richard Eugene ( neb) Hickock and Perry Edward Smith.Perry and light beam were familiar with each other since they had celled together at Kansas advance Penitentiary. spear is your average guy, young (28 years old), arrogant, practical, and fastidious. cock grew up with kind parents on a small farm near Olathe. He had a fond childhood and was married twice with two sons. Adversely, he was engrossed for passing bad checks. Nonetheless, Dicks character is not as ruthless and confident as he makes it seem in the first half of the novel. Perry, on the other hand, is someone people would look at curiously. Hes short with a very muscular physical structure and stubby legs.His legs were damaged due to a motorcycle accident in 1952. Perrys only living relatives are his father, Tex John Smith and his sister, Barbara Johnson. Perrys other two siblings, were victims of suicide. In contrast to Dicks childhood, Perrys was lonely and disorganized since his mother had abandoned him and he was left to climb up in a brutal Catholic orphanage. Perrys object in life was to dig up treasure in Mexico. He retained a wide collection of maps and souvenirs from diverse countries along with garner from his father and sister.Dicks aspiration in life was to be a football player, precisely these were crushed by an atrocious gondola accident that left his long-jawed and narrow face tilted. Both Perry and Dick hurl similar surface traits, such as a high sense of hygiene, especially with their fingernails. However, their inner personalities were miles apart. Except for the murder they committed that brought them together, they had nothing in common and, they dis kindredd each other deeply. The main conflict or challenge that Perry has to face is Dicks acceptance.Perry presented himself as a butch guy who is capable of murder and mayhem in order to pay back with Dick. By presenting this image of himself, Perry believes he has acquired Dicks trust an d partnership. However, Dick does not think so. Dick was sick of him his harmonica, his aches and ills, his superstitions, the weepy, womanly eyes, the nagging, whispering voice. Suspicious, self-righteous, he was like a wife that must be got rid of. (215). Dicks opinion of Perry is quite apparent from this quote he distinctly intends on getting rid of Perry.By trying to be something he is not, Perry allows himself to be mistreated by Dick. He literally does everything Dick does and trails behindhand him ignorantly. Planning the murder was all Dicks idea, and initially, he think Perry to be his silent partner. Due to this conflict between Dick and Perry, Perry committed the murders, predominantly to impress Dick. The murders themselves become another conflict that Perry has to face. In the months after the slayings, he is haunted by the voices of the victims. Perry has to confine himself to a life of rue and unfulfilled dreams.Dicks main conflict is facing up to his parents ex pectations. His parents raised him to be a fine law-abiding individual. However, Dicks character betrays his parents hopes and trust. Through the work of four critically scrutinizing investigators, the cold granitic murder of the four members of the Clutter family is finally resolved and the culprits are caught. On December 30, 1959, Perry & Dick were arrested out in Las Vegas by two regular(a) patrol officers. At the time, they were not told the exact reason why they were macrocosm arrested, only that they were on parole violation.In the midst of one-on-one interviews with the murderers, tec Alvin Dewey (head investigator of the KBI) finally induced Perry and Dick to confess to the murder. They did so because they had no other choice the evidence against them was unmistakable and Dick had turned against Perry. Dick confessed to the investigators that Perry was the one who shot all four members of the Clutter family, as Dick remained his silent partner. Between Dick and Perry, t heres an immense gap surrounding trust. Once their crime is confessed, they turn against each other and break up one another for different parts of the crime.This shows how selfish human record can be. By writing this book, Capote wanted readers to have a better understanding of human nature and the circumstances that induce us to behave the way we do. Overall, this book was a great read. It made me aware(p) about something that genuinely happened long in the first place I was born and it gave me a glimpse of what the world was like before our generation. Considering that this narrative is a true story, the style in which Capote wrote this book made it feel like a regular, yet captivating novel. The author fabricated some of the conversations to set off the storys novel-ish state. Never mind, he Mr.Clutter said, responding to Nancys problem.Skip the 4-H. Ill take Kenyon instead. (19). Near the beginning of the novel, there are a lot of conversations that never took place in a ctual fact. Capote added these conversations to fill in the missing pieces of the story and to give the reader a sense of the victims lives before they were murdered. The book is divided up into four sections each linked with highly important events. Capote varies the length of the chapters to emphasize its level of importance. The chapters before the actual murder are short and shift back and forrard between Perry, Dick and the Clutter household.This technique builds up the excitement and resonate of the events. The chapter in which Perry confesses is lengthy and is written in present tense thereof emphasizing its importance. As I researched the background of this book, I found out that Capote started writing this novel because he got deeply attached to the story. At the time that the murder took place, Capote was a news reporter for Timelife and was stipulation the job of writing a piece on how the killings had devastated a happy, tight-knit little community. He was in the t own writing his piece when the suspects were actually caught, at which point the story takes off.During the chapter consisting of the trial, Capote writes as if he were watch from afar and does not entirely engage the reader in the scene, but rather, he presents it as if it were being seen thorough glass. This style of writing attribute to Capotes journalism skills. It allows the reader to be the audience and see the situation as they see it the reader is basically the judge in the trial. This book really makes you think about the issue murder is something that caller constantly faces. This narrative basically allows you to understand and reflect on the different aspects of human nature.

External & Internal Factors Essay

Verizon Communications, (NYSEVZ), formed by the optical fusion of Bell Atlantic and GTE, is matchless of the worlds leading providers of high-growth communications operate. Verizon companies are the largest providers of wireline and wireless communications in the United States, with over 137 gazillion gravel line equivalents and over 34 million wireless guests. Verizon is as well the worlds largest provider of print and online directory study. A Fortune 10 play along with more than 221,000 employees and $67 billion in 2002 revenues, Verizons orbiculate presence extends to over 30 countries in the Americas, Europe, Asia and the Pacific.As a fellowship of this size, corporate planning is a vital function to deal away and internal factors, in which, the companys goals or objectives are achieved. In addition, a well-defined strategic planning implemented allow for be the guidelines in dealing with each factor, much(prenominal) as, fast change, globalization, engineering s cience, e- concern, innovation, diversity, and ethics. We will sort down each factor as how Verizons line plans fix their objectives in being the leader of communications services.Rapid ChangeIf on that point are devil issues that characterize the challenges twenty-first century corporations face today, those issues privy be summarized as competition and change. (Dessler, p. 13) Rapid change is a greens factor that most corporations needed to prepare itself, in order, to be competitive. That is, Verizon is implementing a restructure of their lines of business. One of their focuses is constantly providing improvement of customer services for their customers, such as a faster meshing fraternity, bundling of services, or religious offering more flexible phone service (local & long distance) packages. The downturn of this restructure is precaution position reduction, in which, approximately 200 managers will be losing their jobs due to departmental merger.GlobalizationResear ch in the solid severalize engineering for the improvement of telephonyswitching systems do it possible the knowledge of a spic-and-span kind of electronic device which excessively helped the rapid evolution of com orderers. Computers were gradually interconnected through telecommunication lines. Initially they allowed terminals to access the main frame and later they were used to interconnect several computers in the network. In the early nineties these telecommunication networks covered most of the satellite with distinct communication technologies. An era of knowledge had been birth, telecommunication engineering for computer systems. These juvenile systems allowed information to travel at the speed of light. Such information exchange was the bases of a new economic phenomenon called Globalization of the world economy. The new profile will basically require the following,*To be continuously peculiar(a) and eager to keep updated with everyday change.*To learn and adjust fast to new administrative r kayoedines.*To contri juste and efficiently work in small teams.*The application and courage to look for new solutions, for technical and economic improvements.*To print one own ideas in a clear and objective way.TechnologyVerizon radio is on the cutting edge of technology. There are several different types of technology such as new DSL lines, dedicated internet access and Integrated T-1 access to name a few. As a growing business you would arrest a wide variety of choices procurable to you, in order to physique the type of network that you would need to conk in the most efficient way. Verizon also has a variety of services for networks, voice communications, they will also configure, manage and do project management for a business. A lot of customers dont have a sophisticated network department so in order to have a network that functions to its fullest potential these services would be a bulky benefit especially to a small business. There are al soseveral different types of programs for the disabled with a variety of issues such as speech, hearing, mobility and visual disabilities. Verizon has taken the external factors that affect them and have turned it into a positive business decision for all of their customers.E-BusinessAll over the democracy people are doing more shopping and dole outing over the internet. The technology that Verizon is climb uping will enable everyone to have the connectivity that is needed for uninterrupted connections. The Verizon website idler take you to the how to of e-commerce. Some of the items that you bathroom find there are how to develop a web site, ways to wash up your site ready to sell and the what to do and what not to do for your business. E-commerce is such a broad topic, but as the Web evolves more and more companies will start to reveal and sell on the web which will probably cause businesses to downsize some(prenominal) of their departments such as marketing and customer s ervice to name a few.InnovationAs Verizon tries to stay on the cutting edge of technology here are some of the things that they are attempt to do. There is a huge role out of FTTP which means Fiber to the premise. This will intend households to utilize more with less. The bandwidth on a fiber cable can handle far more traffic than on copper cable. Customers will be able to use their computers, fax, and telephone all on the alike line. It is very much like the DSL line that Verizon is also trying to role out. Digital Subscriber Line will allow you to do more with less. The cost factor between the two, DSL is much cheaper to put in than fiber. FTTP will have to all get put in new. From the cable in the ground to the cable at the customers premises. DSL can go over the existing copper lines so we will not have that extra added cost. Verizon also just came out with Sametime it is a way to chat through Lotus Notes. Now some users while emailing one another can also chat at the same ti me.DiversityVerizon is committed to diversity. They serve a diverse customer population and strive to have an employee body that reflects that diversity. This commitment is extended to their supplier relationship. Their belief is that having a wide range of suppliers is as critical to the companys success as having employees that relate to their customers, speaking their language, reflecting their tastes and preferences. The idea is to build customer loyalty, stimulate economic growth, and tap into the innovation and entrepreneurship for Verizon to be competitive. By including Minority, Women, Vietnam Era Vets & Disabled Owned Business Enterprises (MW/DV BEs) in their supplier chain, two main goals are achieved. Verizon positions their business for success and contributes to the economic prosperity of the communities they serve.In a speech for the National Minority Supplier Diversity Council portray meeting, Verizon chief operating officer Ivan Seidenberg assured minority supplier s of their commitment The question facing many a(prenominal) minority suppliers is will businesses cut back on their spending with us, when the discharge gets a little tough? Of course there are no guarantees for minority or indeed for any suppliers but I take to assure you that as much as diversity is a business strategy with us, its also a moral commitment an mental synthesis of who and what we fundamentally are. In good times and bad, were going to keep on the team that courts and cultivates minority suppliers, and were going to do our level crush to assure that minority suppliers are not disproportionately hurt when things get tight, as they are right now. This is my personal commitment to you, as CEO of Verizon.EthicVerizons code of business fill provides a partition on resolving ethic questions for the goal of helping them strengthen their connection with business partners and each other. Realizing that not every ethic questions has an easy coiffure and may require difficult judgment calls, this code of business conduct outlines the following steps to resolve these questions (a) define the situation (b) consult resources and (c) set about help from others. By defining the situation one might be able to find an answer to the question such as ar you concerned about a possible violation of a law, prescript or Verizon standard? There are three available consulting resources for their employees Verizon obligation/Code of Business Conduct/Corporate and department policies and procedures. Finally, employees are certified to seek help from their own manager, another manager, or a detail department like Human Resources, Legal, Verizon Security or the Office of morals and Business Compliance.In conclusion, Verizon has positioned itself to deal with these external and internal factors. This shows how their management has made strategic planning in keeping with the companys bang and in achieving their goals. In addition, their services and product s are the reasons why Verizon ranks among the top in leadership, service, diversity and innovation. Verizons inclusion on numerous best of lists in the country is a testament to these accomplishments. Also, Verizon prides itself on the relationships it maintains with business providers, and strives to promote a mutually beneficial business relationship based on the highest business standards of ethical conduct.Works CitedDessler, Gary. Management, Leading People and Organizations in the 21st ampere-second (2nd ed.), 2001. New Jersey Prentice Hall, Inc.Verizon website

Health and Wellness in the Workplace Essay

Thesis description Health and Wellness programs in a workplace can utility employees by processing them manage their physical and emotional health, reduce emphasis and provide a reward system program in the workplace.I. Introduction.II. abide Nutrition ProgramsA. Manage employees physical & emotional health1. Provide contrastive seminars to manage different health issues.2. Create a program that fits your employees c one timerns in the work environment.III. Promotes employees perfect attendanceA. Prevent employees absenteeism1. By providing random wellness check2. Reward employees for perfect attendance in the wellness programsIV. Reduce Stress in WorkplaceA. Provide breaks to help employees reduce stress1. Start a group during 15 transactions break to walk 2. Provide a massage therapist once every two weeks to give 15 minutes massages to relief stress. 3. weaken a stress management seminar for nutrition and excerising. V. Reward System in the workplace to accomplish Goals A. Provide a reward program to abide weight and stay healthily 1. A support system for employees by offering extra days off for doing the programs. 2. Create a subvention program for employees for reaching health goals.VI. Conclusion.ResourcesBy Alden, Sharyn, Regroup, Recharge, Credit Union Magazine, Jul 2007, Vol. 73 Issue 7, p 30-35, 6p Abstract By Bulk Tran Sporter, Tax credit proposed for employee wellness, Nov. 2007, Vol. 70, Issue 5, p12-12, 1/2p Abstract By Shepherd, Leah Carlson, More time to taste the

Auteur Theory : Darren Aronofsky Essay

Translated from the French, auteur simply means author. in that respect countenance been varied perceptions regarding this theory, its importance and effectiveness. Auteur theory is essenti in all(prenominal)y a method of evaluating characterisations base on the theater managing music directors involvement and input. The creation of Auteur was send-off introduced by Francois Truffaut in 1954 in A Certain Tendency in French Cinema. (1) In this work he claimed that look at is a ample medium for expressing the personal ideas of the director. He suggested that this meant that the director should on that pointfore be regarded as an auteur.According to him, there are tercet melodic phrases in which a director may be regarded as an Auteur. He agreed with Andre Basins idea that the film mustiness(prenominal) be the direct expression of the directors vision. The second aspect was that the director must be trained with the camera. He believed the director is to camera as the writer is to pen. Lastly he believed for a director to be considered as an Auteur, he must cater behind a distinctive sigcharacter (establish on Alexander Astrucs idea), visually or as an idea in the film. (2) Years later, this concept was reintroduced by Andrew Sarris in 1962, in a publication titled Notes on Auteur theory (3).Accordingly, for a director to be considered as an auteur, the director must be well versed with the technical aspects of the film. The director must read a distinct style or a signature that tages his films from the others. The movies must have a story, an inner meaning. The auteur theory has been receiving widespread criticism since the 60s. It was argued that ace person can non control all aspects of the film. A film is a conglomeration of the efforts of parts of people. Despite this it is found to be very effective as the starting point of interpretation of some films.Auteur Theory suggests that the shell films will bear their makers signature, wh ich may sheer itself as the stamp of his or her individual personality or maybe even focus on recurring al-Qaedas within the body of work. (4) tutelage the concepts of the theory in mind, nonpareil can safely conclude that if the three criteria have been satisfied, the director may be considered the auteur of the film, these criteria universe recurrent style, theme and visuals. Moving on to the discussion of the topic at hand, can the director of wispy grade, Darren Aronofsky be considered as an auteur? lightlessness Swan is his fifth film as a director.All of his films persona a similar theme. They all deal with an addiction in some form, the protagonist is always the one addicted. The movie shows the protagonist realisticizing his/her addiction, and there by degrading their personal spiritedness. Black Swan and The Wrestler, share a single minded professionalism in the pursuit of a career, leading to the destruction of personal lives. (5) Aronofsky has had a lot of ins piration from different films, art forms and in general, all his films have an inwrought trace of impending psychosis. However through the course of his five films one would see his stories comprehend more and more into the human psyche.With Requiem for a dream, it began as a drug addiction, a hallucination induced by drugs. In The Wrestler, he simply shows persistence, a plain disregard for anything and wrestling. Though this does non show psychosis, it clearly lights up the explosive nature of his pursuit. In some ways, this may be seen as a form of addiction too. In Black Swan, the main character is portrayed as one with OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder). As the movie progresses, the psychosis of the protagonist progresses further, she begins to hallucinate and she draws parallels mingled with her lifespan and the ballad she is performing (the swan lake ballad).As a director, there are a lot of similarities in his films. There is always a mind of accomplishment accompani ed by sense of impending doom, a tragedy as the price for the success seen earlier. One of the characters (usually the protagonist) always dies or suffers some sort of major personal tragedy. He is also greatly influenced by Stanley Kubrick, David Lynch, Roman Polanski, Satoshi Kon, Shinya Tsukamoto, Alfred Hitchcock, Spike Lee, Federico Fellini, and Jim Jarmusch. The Wrestler and Black Swan share a great resemblance to Satoshi Kons Perfect Blue.Though the similarities were acknowledged, Aronofsky denied it world an inspiration. (7) Perfect Blue ( Pafekuto Buru? ) is a 1997 Japanese animated psychological thriller film directed by Satoshi Kon and written by Kon and Sadayuki Murai based on the figment of the like name by Yoshikazu Takeuchi. (8) Mima Kirigoe (the protagonist) who is a member of a Japanese turn out-idol group called CHAM decides to pursue her career as an actress. Some of her fans are displeased with her sudden career change, particularly a stalker named Me-Mania .As her newfangled career proceeds, Mimas world becomes progressively noir. Reality and fantasy helical out of control. Shortly by and by leaving CHAM , Mima receives an anonymous fax barter her a traitor. Mima finds a website called Mimas Room that has public diary discussing her life in great detail. She confides in her manager Rumi Hidaka, a former obliterate star herself, about the site, however, she is advised to just ignore it. Othe instal of bivalent Bind, Mima succeeds in getting a larger part. The producers have agreed to fall apart her a leading role, however as a baffle victim in a strip club.Despite Rumis warning that it would slander her reputation, Mima accepts the part voluntarily. Though it is apparent that Mima is indecisive, the atmosphere of the scene traumatizes her so that she increasingly becomes unable to separate reality from fantasy. She can no longer distinguish her real life from her work. She becomes paranoid. Consequently people who had been involved in tarnishing Mimas reputation are murdered and Mima finds evidence which makes her appear as the premier(a) suspect. Her increasing mental instability makes her doubt her get innocence.It turns out that the journalist of Mimas Room is delusional and very manipulative, and that an intense folie a deux has been in play. The faux diarist (and murderer) believes that she is Mima who is forever young and graceful, has made a scapegoat of stalker Me-Mania. Mima knocks Me-Mania unconscious with a hammer when he attempts to rape her, and runs to her only support she has left alive, her manager Rumi. When Mima encounters Rumi, however, her manager is wearing a replica of Mimas CHAM Costume and crazily singing Mimas pop songs.Rumi is in fact the false diarist, who believes she is the real Mima. Rumi is angry that Mima has been ruining the real Mimas reputation, and decides to save Mimas pristine pop idol jut through the same means she has been using all along murder. Mima manages to change Rumi after a chase through the city despite macrocosm wounded. Rumi remains permanently delusional and institutionalized. Mima has grown from her experiences and has moved on with her life with new found independence and confidence.One finds a striking analogy amid the two storylines, if one were to imagine Mima as the White Swan the pure innocent Nina Sayers, and Rumi as the Black Swan the violent, sensual and dangerous psychosis of Nina. There are too many similarities between the storylines. In twain cases, during the fight between the two characters (For the sake of this argument, let us scratch the black swan and white swan as separate. ) The antihero of the story attacks the protagonist. In both cases the protagonist is wounded in the abdomen (almost in the same area around the liver).In both cases, the protagonist continues their bidding after being wounded. Nina finishes the dance while Mima goes around the city in a chase. In both cases, the protagonis t is affected by the job, and they receive jeopardize messages. Nina sees Whore while Mima receives the fax calling her a traitor. If one were to delve deeper, one even sees the resemblance in the naming of characters (however this argument is based sole on conjuncture and lacks credibility. ) Despite this there is an immense similarity between the story line and the character sketches.Due to the overbearing nature of the similarity I find it hard to accept that Black Swan is not influenced by Perfect Blue. The inspiration may not have been intentional however, the similarity is too much to be dismissed as coincidence. In this light such an undeniable similarity between the two films disqualifies Darren Aronofsky from being an auteur. Black Swan also draws heavily on what is called the Doppelganger effect and the secern personality. These woven into a maze of mirror motif is the central theme throughout the film.This is a strategy which is well-known in classical Hollywood cinem a such as precisely The Red Shoes. 10) This being said this film has Aronofskys stamp all over it. There is a great similarity between the characters The Ram and Nina Sayers. In his own words They are both artists who use their body Age threatens them sensual injury threatens them They only have their hands to express themselves. (9) In all of his films, the sets have a sense of belonging. The props used are bare(a) minimum. Only those strictly necessary are used. His set design is truthful precise yet he somehow manages to bring a sense of belonging, a nativity to his sets.For example in the Black Swan recital, the set was simple, yet it somehow added to the cultivation and grandeur bringing with it a true ethereal quality with it. Another notable trait in his films is his music. Black Swan intents the fifth consecutive collaboration between Aronofsky and Clint Mansell. In all his films, music is exploited as a medium to acquire the situation. The editing is also pertinent t o the music. This relationship between the editing and BG range is most successfully exploited in Requiem for a ambitiousness which gained acclaim for its hip-hop style editing.His attention to detail is yet some other endearing stamp. For example, in the opening scene of Black Swan, the change in the tutu indicating the change in emotion is subtle almost not mark offable, yet one feels the emotion without really seeing it. The small wonky (classical pancake) tutu, for the innocent cheery bit, the long flowing (romantic) tutu for poised elegance and a graceful waltz, and, the shorter (platter) tutu, for the transition into Black Swan. Also if one were to notice keenly, one would see that almost every scene of Nina alone in the film will also include a mirror reflecting Nina in some angle.Aronofsky has made great use of this to exploit the two mindedness of Ninas psychosis. In all respects of style, editing and mise-ene-scene Aronofsky has distinctly made his mark on all five fi lms. In an interview, Aronofsky, says he was deeply influenced by the roller coaster Cyclone, and that he has adopted that intense structure, which keeps the audience on the edge, in his films. He aims to thrill the audience and amuse them with his films. (9) This, he certainly has achieved in his films.

Implications of Day Care in Young Children Essay

Within this assignment I will be discussing the implications of mean solar twenty-four hours c be for young kidren and giving both the positive and the negative aspects of this. A study was through in the united states by Kagen (1978), the study was done on tykeren whose pay offs worked, in which case the children were put into twenty-four hours allot centres compared to fundament reared children. Kagen found little difference among the children placed in mean solar day take centres and those raised at home either in the get of protest or seeking closeness to their mothers when upset(a). From the findings it appears that it doesnt matter if a child is in day- reverence or raised at home or the amount of hours spent with its mothers, there is a special bond between mother and child. Bee (1974) Concluded that there are no negative personal effects when a child is apportiond for in a day distribute centre, provided these are run by trained professionals and only a small routine of children.However, Bee (1997) also suggests The crucial issue is the discrepancy between the level of comment that the child would line up at home and the quality of day care. When the day care setting for the child provides more enrichment than the child would normally receive at home, we see some beneficial cognitive effects. When day care is less stimulating than the childs home care would call for been, it has negative effects. Psychologists disagree about the developmental effects of day care on young children. Some agree with Bowlbys prediction that recollective to medium term separation from the mother could have far-reaching consequences. Others claim that, provided day care is high quality day care has no untoward effects on intellectual development and does not disrupt the childs attachments.Some psychologists believe that it might even make a positive contribution to the childs development. The type and quality of care can influence many aspects of developm entincluding memory, language development, school readiness, maths and reading achievement, the nature of alliances with parents and teachers, social skills, work habits, and behavioural adjustments Below I have tried to outline the positive and negative aspects of day care Positives* When children attend nursery or playschool its clear that comrade relationships take on increasing importance but peer relationship importanceis important before this . Early as 6 months elderly babies smile and are more vocal to other infants.* Intellectual foreplay* Helps develop some social skills- building relationship with peers and other trust adults other than those within the family.* Psychologists have shown there is no affect on the mother-child attachment* Children receive Adequate and nutritious mealsNegatives* Putting a child into day care can deliver the child stress ( i.e upset from being away from its mother)as can any situation in which the mother isnt with the child.* If a day c are doesnt have the refine form of attachment for adults and the children as mentioned above ( conclusion raised by Barbara Tizard) this will not have as greater benefits as a quality day care that has this attachment and familiarity etc.* Some explore in the US argue that day care can cause the child to grow up to be aggressive and disruptive in one case they reach school age (research taken from -NICHD national child care study)

Song of Roland Notes

Roland essay n angioten viciousness-converting enzymes Citation Prompt In what ways did Ganelons vitrine as a feudalistic warrior strife with his role in Christian feudal monastic order? What can those conflicts reassure us about the sources lofty view of society? Thesis Ganelons traitorous follow ups against Roland, Charlemagne, and ultimately god reveal the writers ideas of the ameliorate Christian feudal society. While Roland and Charlemagne serve as archetypes of perfect servants of divinity, Ganelon plays the part of the bad, which accentuates the good. Misc notesRear guard sacrifice necessary to pack Charles back into picture Roland sacrificed himself to edify Charles Ganelon was after his own selfish interests, season his loyalty should have lied with Charles, who represented the exit of god. Ganelon = Judas, Roland = Jesus Quotations //No crusading intent can be detected in this enterprise, though on that point were attempts to give it such a //coloring, as th ough Charles had entered Spain to protect the Christians from the savage yoke of Saracen //oppression an oppression that in face did not exist. (SOR, 4) The rime has retained little of the historic event This non-event has been enlarged into a massive epic of treachery and loyalty, and this humiliating defeat at the hands of strange brigands trans organiseed into a holy crusade, a glorious martyrdom, a massive apocalyptic victory ordained by divinity fudge. (SOR, 4) It was looked upon as the era when the im custodyse dream of Christendom had come true, when a worldwide Christian community was found under a pious and crusading Emperor, and on the whole men were bound in ascending loyalty to each other and to the Lord of all.The Carolingian conglomerate was seen as the fulfillment of a divine intention. (SOR, 5). We see in the Charlemagne of the epic, not the historical king and emperor, alone the true and accurate representation of an ideal ardently praised at the tim e the numbers was cast into its present form all men were in their right places when all Christian powers point themselves in homage to this big(p) man, wise with the wisdom of 200 geezerhood of Gods grace. (SOR, 6) The past The Song of Roland revea lead to its earliest audiences was really a vision of the prox.Those who sh ared that past were to give their support to the Kings great struggle, as struggle that aimed not to progress from that auspicious time when angles came down from heaven and the sun stood still to help the Emperor present all Christendom, yet to return to it, to regain what had been lost a perfect state pleasing to God. (SOR, 7) The lord that Roland serves is depicted as the Emperor of Christendom Charlemagne, in turn, is in the service of the supreme Lord of heaven the life of the feudal vassal can have no value unless it is sanctified by service to God. (SOR, 9) The pagan vassals are exact doubles of Christian vassals the one radical difference between the two sides in this poem is precisely what Roland says it is, the fact that Christians are right and pagans are wrong Rolands far-famed utterance means exactly the opposite of what it is often taken to mean. It is the warriors expression of humility, his understanding that without the grace of God his great qualities would lead him to perdition. (SOR, 9) all(prenominal) formal conflict in the poem is defined as a judicial battle whose impression is Gods verdict In each case the miraculous victory of the smaller side reveals the will of God, for only He could have caused the astonishing outcome. (SOR, 10) We know and our knowledge precedes each event, every cause, every motive that Roland will refuse to sound the Oliphant therefore, his refusal is necessary, for it is carry out We must regard his great spirit, his proud motives, and his famous act as praiseworthy, exemplary, pleasing to God, because they are necessary, foreseen, exactly as they occurred. (SOR, 14) In t he world that this poem celebrates, Roland cannot be right by accident not only his decisions but his entire attitude is right his militant response to the pagans, his whole horse sense of what a Christian knight must do is nearest to what pleases God, for it comes from God. (SOR, 19) The concerns that led Roland to refuse to summon help honor, lineage, sweet France are named and praised by Charles tho if there is a victory of the few against the many can the outcome of the battle reveal the will of God he is the agent of Gods will, the supreme vassal, and God has sanctified his calling, endowed it with a mission. (SOR, 21) severally man in this feudal community finds his place in a hierarchical structure of loyalties that ends in Charlemagne, to whom all are bound, as he is bound to them in the promise to protect them. (SOR, 22) When Ganelon, at the height of his rage, shouts at Roland I do not whop you, It means the bonds of loyalty are cut, we are enemies. (SOR, 22) He re we see as well the true Ganelon, the prerequisite Ganelon the man who, in his whole-hearted obedience to the law, subverts its intention and works the destruction of his community.For the military issue of his brave departure is to sow the seeds of discord and to endanger the life of Charless greatest vassal. (SOR, 22) City of man vs city of god A newborn state is brought into being by the treason of Ganelon, which appears as a shadow-act of the great treason that inaugurated the salvation of the human race, and by the trial in which he is condemned. (SOR, 25) Appearance of the state within the frame of the poems action comes about for this reason when something can be betrayed, that is proof that it exists it can be betrayed because it is real and has the right to demand loyalty. (SOR, 25) France takes on a native character and reveals exactly what it is that pleases God it is a state in which all men are bound in loyalty through their ultimate obligation to the King, a s tate whose unity and well-being drive from the subordination of all privileges, rights, and interests to the King chosen by God. (SOR, 27) Since God foresaw all things and, hence, that man would sin, our plan of the supernatural City of God must be based what God foreknew and forewilled, and not o human fancies that could never come true, because it was not in Gods plan that they should. Not even by his sin could man change the counsels of God, in the sense of compelling Him to alter what He had once decided.The truth is that, by His omniscience, God could foresee two future realities how bad man whom God had created good was to become, and how much good God was to make out of this very evil. (CD, 14. 11) Whoever seeks to be more than he is becomes less, and man he aspires to be self-sufficing he retires from Him who is truly sufficient for him there is a wickedness by which a man who is self-satisfied as if he were the light turns himself away from that true Light which, had man love it, would have made him a sharer in the light. CD, 14. 11 p. 311) two cities have been formed by two loves the earthly by the love of self, the heavenly by love of God, even to the contempt of self. The former, in a word, glories in itself, the latter in the Lord. For the one seeks glory from men but the greatest glory of the other is God, the witness of conscience. The one lifts up its subject in its own glory the other says to its God, Thou art my glory, and the promoter up of mine head. (CD, 14. 20)

Review of Marketing Article

The article construct Social Marketing into Your curriculum by N.K. Weinreich provides overview of available techniques how to make societal trade key subdivision of product line. The author stresses the important of social selling and social responsibility as everyone should realize the effects of own actions. Market research processes make social marketers fell exhausted and overwhelmed and, as a result, they may hesitate to pass proper attention to social merchandise ignoring its importance. Often, social markets think that inadequacy resources and work experience to undertake social project.N.K. Weinreich, the author of the article, identifies ten powerful ways how to incorporate social marketing into business chopine. The author recommends public lecture to targeted customers, segmenting targeted audience, positioning the product, being aw ar of competition, following the audience, utilizing variety of approaches, using effective models, testing, construct partne rship with key allies, and, finally, seeing what it is possible to do the undermentioned time.Weinreich argues that evaluation is the key in social marketing and it is necessary to determine what is to be accomplished and how to improve the program. When developing any program it is undeniable to refine and test products and messages with the targeted audience to avoid misunderstanding and misconception. After the program is implemented one should monitor activities to evaluate whether everything matches the plan. The key of social marketing is claimed to be expressing as social marketing is customer-driven process.Importance for the racecourseI think that the current article is important to be write in course it is directly related with marketing study. The paper presents particular aspect of marketing social marketing and the author offers informative and well-structured psychoanalysis of how to build social marketing. Moreover, the paper is not simply theoretical as the author uses logical arguments and examples to defend her position that every modern business should consider the importance of social marketing as it gives an opportunity to accommodate and to attract customers, to improve reputation and to succeed in highly-competitive business worlds.Positives of the obligateI agree that social marketing should be give more attention as it promotes fair and honest customer-buyer relations. Social marketing teaches how to talk to customers, how to gain their popularity and attention. Moreover, social marketing aims at satisfying needs and wants of the targeted audience. Further, Weinrich says that randomness is power and I agree as information gives power to send for and to avoid risks and to develop ways of performance improvement.Negatives of the ArticleIt is rather big(a) to identify moments I disagree with as the author provides in-depth overview of social marketing and its key elements. However, I think that more attention should be p aid to discussing the benefits of social marketing in the introduction. The only thing I disagree is authors recommendation to follow the audience. I think that sure-fire social marketing should aim at offering services and products in such a way that they should attract customers and not vice verse.Questions1. What are the main benefits of social marketing for business environment?2. What are sexual and external challenges of social marketing?3. Why to incorporate social marketing into program?Future ImpactFirstly, the article offers new ways of building social marketing programs. Secondly, the article underlines crucial importance of social marketing for business success. Thirdly, the article sets background for further researches in this and related fields.ReferencesWeinreich, N.K.(1995). Building Social Marketing into Your Program. Retrieved March 13, 2008

Disinvestment: Capitalism and Public Sector

DISINVESTMENT thanksgiving OR BANE INTRODUCTION 1. commonplace commemorateprises be neither mod nor unique to India. In good old days, Kautilya in his Arthasastra talked of a earthly concern sphere. A person was made incharge of salt manufacture and fixing its price. Similarily thither were people made responsible for mining, coinage and gold, tout ensemble in universe domain. Nowadays in that location is hardly any republic that is non diligent actively and directly in the management of sparing and industrial enterprises. various(a) names letn to these enterprises are unrestricted Sector Undertakings or PSUs, Public Sector endeavor or PSEs, Trading Corporations, State Owned Enterprise or SOEs, political sym classies Owned Enterprise or GOE etc. 2. The fictitious character of goernment in cablees and separate(a)wise has been questioned in the then(prenominal). Thoreau said , That government is shell which governs least. The entirely purpose of government would be to protect its citizens from mogul or fraud.The protection from trace, that is, the protection of exclusive rights, would be achieved through and through the hold of a police force to protect the rights of citizens at home a military, to protect the rights of citizens from un the like aggression and a court brass to visit contracts and settle disputes between citizens. It is not government bank line to do business. The misfortunate performance of government declareed enterprises around the realism led to a human beings wide coitus interruptus of government from businesses and coining of a new edge called Privatisation.Privatisation subroutine in India is euphemistically called Dis investing to make it palatable to those who consider privatisation a dirty word. Disinvestment or privatisation in India was fuss atomic piled in 1991-92 by the Chandrashekhar government and cable carried forward by subsequent governments. AIM 3. The aim of this paper is to st udy various brasss of Disinvestment so as to conclude whether it is a boon or terror for India. SCOPE 4. The paper would be covered under the next heads- (a)What is Disinvestment? (b)Capitalism, Socialism, friendlyism and Market miserliness. c)Genesis of presidency Participation In business. (d)Performance of Government Controlled Enterprises. (e)Objectives of Disinvestment. (f)Genesis of Disinvestment bear upon. (g)The Disinvestment process in India. (h)Advantages of Disinvestment. (j)Disadvantages of Disinvestment. (k)Disinvestment-Boon or Bane. WHAT IS DISINVESTMENT 5. Disinvestment can be defined as withdrawal of give in from production of goods and go or transferee of self-will from the earth empyrean to the undercover empyrean. peachyist economy, SOCIALISM, COMMUNISM AND MARKET ECONOMY 6. sooner we proceed besides it would be worth our time to understand the fancys of Capitalism, Socialism, Communism and Market Economy. CAPITALISM 7. Capitalism is a political disposal in which factories, companies, land, etc. are owned in camera in erect to create profit for the owners. Prices of goods and operate fluctuate depending on the desire of the consumer and the availability of the goods (the law of supply and pauperism). In a gravidist booking their will be earthshaking differences in wealth and power between those who gravel capital (machines, factories, ships, land, etc. and those who do not. 8. No one can say when capitalism first began. distinctly the development of capitalism was not revolutionary like that of communism. Instead it emerged piecemeal with out(p) anyone make a plan of what it should generate. However, aspects of modern capitalism such(prenominal) as the stock ex vary, banks and great disparity in wealth came close to during the industrial revolution. 9. In 1776 Adam Smith, a Scottish university professor, produced a book which exposit the workings of a capitalist guild.He believed that a countrys wealth depends on all people pursuing their own kindles. If a person lifts his own interest he or she is unin hug drugtionally promoting his countrys interest. Smith thought that governments should promote free trade and not interfere by protecting accredited industries from competition. The nevertheless duty of governments, Smith wrote, was to entrust services that couldnt be lucrative like the building of roads, schools etc. 10. Capitalism means the complete breakup of economy and posit, just like the separation of church and call forth.Capitalism is the fond system based upon toffee-nosed self-possession of the means of production which entails a completely un promiseled and unregulated economy where all land is privately owned. But the separation of the state and the economy is not primary, it is lone(prenominal) an aspect of the premise that capitalism is based upon individual rights. Capitalism is the only politico- sparing system based on the philosophy of individual r ights. This means that capitalism recognizes that to each one and every person is the owner of his own animation, and has the right to live his life in any manner he chooses as coarse as he does not violate the rights of some others.The native temperament of capitalism is affable harmony through the pursuit of self-interest. Under capitalism, the individuals pursuit of his own economic self-interest simultaneously benefits the economic self-interests of all others. In al scurvying each individual to act unhampered by government commands, capitalism causes wealth to be created in the around efficient manner possible which netly raises the measuring rod of living, pluss economic opport unit of measurementies, and makes available an ever growing supply of products for everyone.The free- commercialize operates in such a trend so that as one man creates much wealth for himself, he simultaneously creates more wealth and opportunities for everyone else, which means that as t he rich become richer, the poor become richer. It must be still that capitalism serves the economic self-interests of all, including the non-capitalists. SOCIALISM 11. Socialism believes that the inequalities that exist in our society are unjust and that the minority of the population should not own the co sleddingal majority of the wealth.Socialists do, nevertheless, differ on ways by which this change should be achieved. slightly believe that the change should be gradual, achieved through parliament, and others believe that the change should be rapid, brought about through revolution. 12. Karl Marx became the prophet and teacher of mixerism whose writings transformed collectivistic thinking all over the world. Marx was a philosopher and an dreamer Marx believed that man should labor not only for himself as an individual scarce for society as well.Implied in Marxist philosophy is the notion that man, cosmos a tender animal, has his destiny and his reality inextricably link ed with his society. His compend describes capitalism as the first stage fol low-spiriteded by favorableism and at last communism. Marx believed that socialism is an unrealised potential in capitalism and once most thespians recognized their interests and became class conscious, the overthrow of capitalism would proceed as quick as capitalist opposition allowed. The socialist society that would emerge out of the revolution would render all the productive potential of capitalism.People would be aided on the basis of social needs. COMMUNISM 13. The final goal, communism, toward which socialist society would constantly strive, is the abolition of alie country. A class-less society would be good for the vast majority of the population. Communism, a form of government, inspires some people with the ardor of a religion. Communism in theory stands for total public ownership and rejects private property and personal profit. In practice, however, the state de enclosureines how stric tly the doctrine is applied in any particular country. MARKET ECONOMY 14.The merchandise economy idea is based on, or at least explained by, Darwins theory of evolution. Companies are viewed as organisms in an ecosystem. A company with a lucky formula will prosper and grow, spread its formula and ideas, era a company with a bad formula will wither and disappear. A profitable company can grow, or at least brave out, while an unprofitable company will wither and die out. 15. Post Karl Marx, The mesh against inequality was viewed as a fight by the collective worker class vs the individual enterpriser. The individual who complements the group was seen as a contradiction. few states evolved on this contradiction, wherein an individual was supposed to surrender his individuality and entrepreneurship for the state and the social gage provided by it. On the other side of the world this passion for collectivism was viewed as a threat to its existing capitalist system which not only proved successful in the past, but similarly held promise for the future. It is this clash in ideologies which gave as a bi diametral world of communism and capitalism. 16. Contrary to widely held beliefs, capitalism is not a system which exploits a astronomical portion of society for the sake of a small minority of wealthy capitalists.Ironically, it is actually socialism that causes the systematic maturation of labor. Since the socialist state holds a universal monopoly on labor and production, no economic incentive exists for the socialist state to provide anything more than minimal physical subsistence for the workers except to perhaps prevent riots or revolutions. Exploitation is innate in the nature of socialism because individuals cannot live for their own sake, rather, they exist and as means to whatever ends the socialist rulers the self-proclaimed spokesman of society may view in mind.Inequality is and pass are directly linked and progress always causes inequali ty. To reach for something high, we would have to stand on one another(prenominal) and not together on the same platform. GENESIS OF GOVERNMENT confederation IN BUSINESS GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN BUSINESS WORLDOVER 17. Before considering the need for disinvestment and why disinvestment, it is relevant to consider the main reasons for rise of state power world over. The following are few reasons for state power- (a)Great depression of 1930s, unemployment and hardship. b)Rebuilding war-torn economies. (c)Redistribution of income, protection to the needy for ethical reasons. (d)Developing countries do not have securities industrys in which individuals can operate and ill-developed private enterprise. (e)Rise of non-economic objectives (sanctions against apartheid policies, or restraining heathenish minorities dominating an economy). (f)Protect employment or warrant good working conditions. (g)Total leave out of faith in markets and private ownership. (h)Cold war, wars among dev eloping countries and border disputes. j)State investment in and the control of the strategic sectors of the economy was desired for the economic development of those sectors and the trade protection of the country. (k)Government stepping in to rescue certain enterprises, whose closure could result in significant loss of jobs. (l)An economic consensus around the world accepting public enterprises as an integral part of the economy, particularly to manage natural monopolies as as well as the core industries, like radical, which in turn would promote rapid economic growth and the pace of industrialisation.GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN INDIA 18. Before independence, there was almost no Public sector in Indian economy. The only industries worthy of mention were Railways, The Post & Telegraph. The Port Trust, The Ordnance and the Aircraft factories and few Government controlled undertakings. 19. In the 1948 industrial Policy Resolution, the manufacture of arms and ammo, production an d control of atomic energy, ownership and management of railways became the State monopoly. Six prefatorial industries that is to say iron & steel, coal, aircraft manufacture, ship building, mineral oils, manufacture of telephone, telegraph and wireless instrument were to be developed by the State. All other areas were left stretch to private initiatives. 20. Within a decade of laying down the polity parameters in 1948, another policy account was issued in April 1956 by the Government to give a new orientation to the mixed economy concept. The passing quicken of Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 and adoption of socialist pattern of society as the national economic goal of the country built the butt of the overabundant public sector as we see it today.It was believed that a dominant public sector would reduce the inequality of income and wealth and advance the usual prosperity of the nation. 21. The main objectives of setting up the Public Sector enterprises as stated i n Industrial policy Resolution of 1956 were- (a)To help in the rapid economic growth and Industrialisation of the country and create necessary infrastructure for economic development. (b) To earn return on investment and put on generate resources for development. (c)To promote redistribution of income and wealth. (d)To create employment opportunities. e)To promote balanced regional development. (f)To promote import substitutions, save and earn foreign exchanges for the economy. 22. The 2nd cardinal year Plan document faintly stated that all industries of basic and strategic importance, or in the nature of public utility services should be in the public sector. Other industries, which are essential and require investment on a scale, which only the state, in the present circumstances, could provide have also to be in the public sector. If farther empha surfaced that, the public sector has to expand rapidly.It has not only to initiate developments which the private sector is either un willing or unable to under chair, it has to play the dominant utilisation in shaping the entire pattern of investment in the economy. The investment in public sector enterprises has heavy(p) from Rs. 29 Crore in 5 PSU on 01Apr 51 to Rs. 2,52,554 Crore in 240 PSU on 31Mar 2000. PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT CONTROLLED ENTERPRISES 23. What was the outcome of government investment in business. everyplace a period of time, the States failed in achieving the goals and results for which State Owned Enterprises had been created.The following are some of the reasons for the same- (a)Politicians govern the state and they serve group interest and not public interests. (b)Bureaucracy operates to maximise budget of individual departments, their own prospects and perks. (c)Expansions of state control resulting in the loss of economic and freedom and thereof-political freedom as well. (d)Regulation by state lams to serve the interest of regulated. (who capture regulators) rather than public. ( e)Costs of regulation tend to exceed benefits of regulation. f)Supply by public authorities is inherently costly, incompetent usually in over supply, with less option for consumers. (g)Developing countries have namby-pamby institutional structures for governments to operate services efficiently. (h)Public enterprises or state owned enterprises tend to be monopolistic, have no risk of closure and are apt(predicate) to political and bureaucratic manipulation. (j)Property rights and transferability with gains or losses are important if owners were to demand information and make the enterprise really accountable and efficient. 4. During the last ten years, the Tax-payer has had to give about Rs. 80,000 crore directly or indirectly to the public sector, so that it could survive. During 1999-2000 alone, the CAGs report on PSUs for 1999-2000 indicates that the tax-payer has taken a huge burden in one year alone which amounted to Rs. 23,140 crore for supporting PSUs. OBJECTIVES OF DISIN VESTMENT 25. Is the business of government business? - Easily the million-dollar question that plauged the minds of policy makers, intelligentsia and the public alike.The performance of PSUs world over led to introspection and a need for privatisation/disinvestments was felt. Technology and W. T. O. commitments have made the world a global village and unless industries, including public industries do not quickly restructure, they would not be able to survive. Public enterprises, because of the nature of their ownership, can restructure slowly and hence the logic of privatisation got stronger. Besides, techniques are straightaway available to control public monopolies like Power and Telecom, where consumer interests can be better protected by egulation / competition. Therefore, investment of public notes to ensure protection of consumer interests is no longer a convincing argument. Disinvestment aimed to achieve the following (a)Promote economic efficiency by fostering well functi oning markets and competition. (b)Redefine role of the State in order to allow it to concentrate on the essential task of governing and to withdraw from activities, which are better suited to private enterprise. (c )Reduce fiscal burden of loss-making public enterprises, in order to help resume fiscal control and macroeconomic stability. d)Reduce the public debt. (e)Release limited State resources for fiscal support or other demands, for example in the field of education and social health. (f)Generate new investment including foreign investment. (g)Mobilise domestic investments and deepen domestic financial development (h)Spread and democratise share ownership by encouraging it among individuals, making employees share-owners and by rising productivity through incentives for property stock. GENESIS OF DISINVESTMENT serve up GENESIS OF DISINVESTMENT PROCESS WORLDWIDE U. K (Post 1979) 26.Although the idea of privatisation has been around for a long time (Adam Smith wrote about it as long as 1762), privatisation has been tried widely since the mid 1970s. Privatisation first attracted world-wide attention in 1979 when the conservativist Government of Prime Minister Margaret Thacher began transforming the ailing U. K. economy by merchandising public holdings in industry, communications and other service sector areas. Since 1979, over 105 countries all over the world have initiated their own privatisation programmes. succeeding(a) are the salient features of the privatisation programme in the UK- a)Privatisation carried out in triad phases (i)Phase I Commercial enterprises (e. g. , British Aerospace) (ii)Phase II Utilities (involved more complicated morphologic & regulatory issues) (iii)Phase III Less commercial industries, mainly those performing socially desirable services and dependant on subsidies (e. g. , the railways). (b)Around 60 major businesses, representing 10% of GDP, transferred to private sector. (c)Fundamental issues addressed were- (i) Ensuri ng commitment to the policy from the top of the Government. (ii) Setting clear objectives. iii) Careful planning. (iv) Engaging intermediaries-financial, technical and legal advisers. (d)Regulation & competition effectively utilize while privatising services and infrastructure. (e)Initially resisted both by consumers and employees. (f)However, consumers benefited from lower prices, greater choice & better service and productivity repaird. (g)Employees too benefited in the medium term due to increase in economic activity, though some loss of jobs in the short run as productivity increased rapidly. Offered vainglorious opportunities to invest in divested shares.France 27. 8 self-aggrandizing groups and 3 medium size banks were privatised. Shares divested to domestic public (about 50%), large shareholders (about 25%), employees (about 10%) & foreign investors (about 15%). 21 companies privatised, including 2 of the largest banks and 3 largest insurance companies. Shares divested to domestic public, large shareholders, employees & foreign investors in. China 28. Market reforms first started in 1978. Corporatisation and then leaning on both domestic and foreign stock exchanges favoured for efficient large and medium size SOEs.Foreign investors permitted to invest in various infrastructure and utility businesses, including railways, toll roads, ports and power plants. In 1978, over three-quarters of industrial takings was produced by the state sector. This fell to 34% by 1995. The collective sector increased from 32% to 37%, individual sector (small capitalist businesses) jumped from 1. 8% to 13% and others (including all other capitalist enterprises local and foreign) leaped from 1. 2% to 16. 6%. Thus, the private sector grew at the expense of the state sector. Gradual stage-by-stage start followed for reforming State Owned Enterprises (SOEs).According to the field Investment Report 1997, foreign direct inflows to China amounted to US $42. 3 billion in 199 6. Some Other Countries 29. Some other countries which have undergone privatisation are - (a) eastern hemisphereern EuropeBulgaria, Czech. , Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania (b)Latin AmericaArgentina, Brazil (c)Far EastKorea, China, Philippines (d)S. E. Asia Malaysia, Thailand (e)South Asia Pakistan, Sri Lanka (f)Middle East & AfricaEgypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria THE DISINVESTMENT PROCESS IN INDIA Genesis 30. A decade ago, the concept of privatisation as a catalyst was hardly acknowledged in India.Not long ago, it was nationalisation that was in vogue. Even international aid-donors such as the IMF and the World Bank had recommended a larger role for the public sector during the mid-fifties and 1960s and they refused to grant loans to those countries which did not have government-sponsored development programmes. Now, it is just the other way round. The prescription of privatisation is organism sold, rather over-sold, as a cure-all to cure our economic ills. India, for almost four dec ades was pursuing a path of development in which public sector was expected to be the railway locomotive of growth.But by mid-eighties their short comings and weaknesses started manifesting in the form of low capacity utilisation, low efficiency, lack of motivation, over-manning, huge time and cost overrun, softness to innovate and take quick decision, large scale political and bureaucratic interference in decision making, etc. But rather of hard to remove these defects and to increase the rate of growth of national economy, gradually the concept of self-reliant growth was given a quiet burial. The Government started to exempt the imports by reducing or withdrawing import duty in phases.This resulted in dwindling of precious foreign exchange reserve to abysmally low level. The foreign debt repayment crisis compelled Government of India to raise loan from IMF against physical deposition of RBI gold reserve, on conditions harmful to the interest of the country. 31. Thus started t he setback of policies towards PSU. The Industrial policy of 1991 started the process of delicensing and except 18 industries, Industrial licensing was withdrawn. The market was opened up to domestic private capital and foreign capital was provided free entry upto 51% equity in high technology areas.The aim of economic liberalisation was to enlarge competition and allowing new firms to enter the market. Thus the emphasis shakeed from PSEs to liberalisation, of economy and gradual disinvestment of PSEs. A paradigm shift of Governments economic policy orientation originated in 1991 from a foreign debt serve crisis. Disinvestment Process 32. The Industrial Policy of 1991 limited the priority areas for the public sector to (a)Essential infrastructure goods and services. (b)Exploration and exploitation of oil and mineral resources. c)Technology development and building of manufacturing capabilities in areas which are crucial in the long term development of the economy and where pri vate sector investment is inadequate. (d)Manufacture of products where strategic considerations predominate such as defence equipment. 33. Congress Government in 1991-92 offered up to 20% of Govt. equity in selected PSUs to mutual funds and investment institutions in the public sector, as also to workers in these firms. The objective was to raise resources, encourage wider public participation and promote greater accountability. 4. As per Rangarajan Committee recommendations in Apr 93, there were only six Schedule A industries where the Government might consider holding 51% or more equity, namely (a) Coal and lignite. (b) Mineral oils. (c) Arms, ammunition and defence equipment. (d) Atomic energy. (e) Radioactive minerals. (f) Railway transport. 35. The Common Minimum class of the United Front Govt in 1996 aimed for the following- (a)To care in full examine withdrawal from non-core strategic areas. (b)To set up a Disinvestment Commission for advising on disinvestments issues. c)To take and implement decisions to disinvest in a transparent manner. (d)Job security, opportunities for retraining and redeployment to be assured. 36. Disinvestment Commission Recommendationsin Feb 97- Oct 99 aimed for the following- (a)72 PSEs were referred to the Disinvestment Commission during 1996-99. The Disinvestment Commission gave its recommendations on 58 PSEs. (b)The Disinvestment Commission recommendations gave priority to strategic / trade gross sales, with transfer of management, instead of public whirls, as was recommended by the Rangarajan Committee in 1993. 37.In 1998-99, the govt aimed to remove down Government shareholding in the PSUs to 26% in the most of cases, (thus facilitating ownership changes, as was recommended by the Disinvestment Commission). 38. In 1999-2000, the Govt. aimed To strengthen the strategic PSUs, privatise non-strategic PSUs through gradual disinvestment or strategic sale and devise viable replacement strategies for weak units. 39. On 16th March 1999, the cabinet approved mixture of PSUs into Strategic and Non strategic. (a)Strategic PSUs (i)Defence related (ii)Atomic energy related (iii)Railway transport b)Non-strategic PSUs All other 40. Strategy for Non-strategic Public Sector Enterprises wasReduction of Government stake to 26%to be worked out on a case to case basis,on the following considerations (a)Whether the Industrial sector requires the presence of the public sector as a countering force to prevent concentration of power in private hands. (b)Whether the Industrial sector requires a proper regulatory mechanism to protect the consumer interests before Public Sector Enterprises are Privatised. 41. In 2000 2001, the main elements Policy were- (a)To restructure and speed up potentially viable PSUs. b) To close down PSUs which cannot be revived. (c) To bring down Government equity in all non-strategic PSUs to 26% or lower, if necessary. (d)To fully protect the interests of workers. (e)To put in place mechanism s to raise resources from the market against the security of PSUs assets for providing an adequate safety-net to workers and employees. (f)To establish a systematic policy approach to disinvestment and privatisation and to give a fresh impetus to this programme, by setting up a new Department of Disinvestment. (g)To emphasize increasingly on strategic sales of identified PSUs. h)To use the entire receipt from disinvestment and privatisation for meeting expenditure in social sectors, restructuring of PSUs and retiring public debt. Utilisation of Proceeds 42. In the compute of 2000-2001 the Govt. outlined its aim for utilisation of the disinvestments proceeds as enumerated below. (a) Restructuring assistance to PSUs. (b) preventative net to workers. (c) Reduction of debt burden. (d) Additional budgetary support for the Plan, primarily in the social and infrastructure sectors (contingent upon realisation of the anticipated receipt).ADVANTAGES OF DISINVESTMENT 43. subsequently disinv estments the following would be achieved (a)Releasing of huge amounts of scarce public resources locked up in non-strategic PSUs, for deployment in areas a lot higher(prenominal) on social priority, such as, public health, family welfare, education and social and essential infrastructure (b)Stemming kick upstairs outflow of public resources for sustaining the unviable non-strategic PSUs. (c)Reducing the public debt that is heavy(p) to assume unmanageable proportions. d)Transferring the commercial risk, to which the tax-payers money locked up in the public sector is exposed, to the private sector wherever the private sector is willing and able to step in. The money that is deployed in the PSUs is really the public money and, is exposed to an entirely avoidable and needless risk, in most cases. (e)Release of other tangible and intangible resources, such as, large manpower currently locked up in managing the PSUs, and their time and energy, for redeployment in areas that are much h igher on the social priority but are short of such resources. f)Disinvestment would expose the privatised companies to market discipline, thereby forcing them to become more efficient and survive or cease on their own financial and economic strength. They would be able to respond to the market forces much faster and cater to their business needs in a more professional manner. It would also avail in freeing the PSUs from the Government control and introduction of corporate governance in the privatised companies. (e)Disinvestment would result in wider distribution of wealth through offering of shares of privatised companies to small investors and employees. f)Disinvestment would have a beneficial effect on the capital market the increase in floating stock would give the market more depth and liquidity, give investors easier exit options, help in establishing more accurate benchmarks for valuation and pricing, and facilitate raising of funds by the privatised companies for their proje cts or expansion, in future. (g)Opening up the erstwhile public sectors to appropriate private investors would increase economic activity and have an overall beneficial effect on the economy, employment and tax revenues in the medium to long term. h)In many areas, e. g. , the telecom sector, the end of public sector monopoly would bring relief to consumers by way of more choices, and cheaper and better quality of products and services. DISADVANTAGES OF DISINVESTMENT 44. Having seen so many advantages, what do we have on the flip side? Is disinvestments without any disadvantages? Some of the likely disadvantages could be- (a)Non realisation of actual value of the PSU as the realisation would on unit potential and not assets held.The logic is similar to an old Fiat car in Delhi selling for less than what it would fetch as scrap. (b)Short term retrenchment occurs in order to increase efficiency. However, It is offset in the longterm by a profitable organisation creating more employme nt. (c)It is the wealthy who would buy the PSUs making them wealthier. Therefore, they inequality in society increases. (d)Creation of monopolies may take place. DISINVESTMENT-BOON OR BANE 45. After having seen the advantages and disadvantages of disinvestments, the ast performance of our PSUs, the non accountability of the Public sector to the Tax payer and the consumer we are sure that there is no doubt about the Disinvestment process being a boon for the nation. As the world changed in this era of globalisation, a country living in the past is doomed and economic slavery is not far behind. Proponents of anti-disinvestment campaign have a past translate of pushing conglomerate like Coca-Cola out of the country, little realising that it all about creation of wealth by production and not about transfer of wealth to another country.For the poor to get rich, the rich must get richer and conversely for the rich to get richer the poor must get rich. It this is unsounded by one and al l then the inequalities in the society become acceptable and progress becomes the norm of the day. Going slow on the disinvestments process would be to delay the progress of the country and turning around from it would only prove catastrophic for the economy and the industry. Effecieny is the keyword in the present day world and any thing produced inefficiently is at a cost that the nation has to pay one way or the other.It is better to give pogey than to hire extra people and breed inefficiency. Let the government improve governance before it even thinks of Business. Let not the Pseudo remuneration earned by monopolistic mineral oil selling agencies like Indian Oil, HPCL etc cloud our vision. We have the example of BSNL, which when faced with private competition is coming out with innovative ideas to lure the customer, while in the past it was sleeping. CONCLUSION 46. Every time utopia is discovered in a system, utopia redefines itself. The process of putridness and correction i s continuous.Same may happen with the concept of privatisation in the future. In retrospect, it is easy to transmutation the vision our leaders of yesteryears. If we need to fault them, it should not be for creating public owned enterprises but for killing the private enterprise by means of license raj, red tapism, lack of infrastructure, rules and rules for rules, corruption and capacity control. It remind me of a statement made by JRD Tata in one of his last interview and I quote It is in this country that I was penalised for producing more.I had not heard a sadder statement that day and stayed the saddest statement for a long time to come. Entrepreneur and the worker complement each other and need to co-exist. Today, government as an entrepreneur is passe. Yet, the indiscriminate pursuit of the policy, unmindful of the social setting is not without its failings. For in the interregnum, when the benefits of privatisation have not yet completely trickled down, we need sufficient social security mechanisms to ensure the poor do not turn poorer.We further need strong regulatory regimes and stronger competition laws concomitant with privatization in order to install the consumer as king, and prevent distortions in the functioning of the market by the big monopolistic players. A fine balance of these competing interests, with the ultimate goal of public good, which is essentially what the business of government is all about, should be the primary focus of any privatisation agenda.