Behaviorism Theory

Behaviorist theorists believe that behavior is shaped on purpose by forces in the environment and that the type of person and actions desired stinker be the product of design. In other words, behavior is determined by others, rather than by our own free will. By carefully shape desirable behavior, morality and information is strikeed. Learners will acquire and remember responses that pencil lead to delightful aftereffects. Repetition of a meaningful connection results in development. If the student is ready for the connection, learning is enhanced if not, learning is inhibited. Motivation to learn is the satisfying aftereffect, or reinforcement. behaviourism is linked with empiricism, which stresses scientific information and observation, rather than subjective or metaphysical realities. Behaviorists search for laws that govern human behavior, like scientists who look for model sin empirical events. Change in behavior must be patent indwelling thought processes are not con sidered. Ivan Pavlovs research on victimisation the reinforcement of a bell sound when food was presented to a tail and finding the sound alone would make a dog salivate after several presentations of the conditioned stimulus, was the beginning of behaviorist approaches.Learning occurs as a result of responses to stimuli in the environment that are reinforced by adults and others, as well as from feedback from actions on objects. The teacher can inspection and repair students learn by conditioning them through identifying the desired behaviors in measurable, observable terms, recording these behaviors and their frequencies, identifying appropriate reinforcers for each desired behavior, and providing the reinforcer as concisely as the student displays the behavior.For example, if children are supposed to raise hands to cast down called on, we might reinforce a child who raises his hand by using praise, Thank you for raising your hand. Other influential behaviorists include B. F . Skinner (1904-1990) and crowd together B. Watson (1878-1958). Cognitivism/Constructivism Cognitivists or Constructivists believe that the pupil actively constructs his or her own understandings of truth through interaction with objects, events, and people in the environment, and reflecting on these interactions.Early perceptual psychologists (Gestalt psychology) center on the making of wholes from bits and pieces of objects and events in the world, believing that meaning was the construction in the brain of patterns from these pieces. For learning to occur, an event, object, or experience must conflict with what the learner already knows. Therefore, the learners previous experiences determine what can be learned. Motivation to learn is experiencing conflict with what one knows, which causes an imbalance, which triggers a quest to restore the equilibrium.Piaget described gifted behavior as adaptation. The learner organizes his or her understanding in create structures. At the simplest take, these are called schemes. When something new is presented, the learner must modify these structures in order to deal with the new information. This process, called equilibration, is the balancing between what is assimilated (the new) and accommodation, the change in structure. The child goes through four distinct stages or levels in his or her understandings of the world.Some constructivists (particularly Vygotsky) emphasize the shared, social construction of knowledge, believing that the particular social and cultural context and the interactions of novices with more expert thinkers (usually adult) facilitate or scaffold the learning process. The teacher mediates between the new material to be learned and the learners level of readiness, supporting the childs growth through his or her zone of proximal development. Behaviorism Posted in Behaviorist Theories, Paradigms and Perspectives 0 comments Summary Behaviorism is a worldview that operates on a principle of s timulus-response.All behavior caused by outdoor(a) stimuli (operant conditioning). All behavior can be explained without the need to consider internal mental states or consciousness. Originators and important contributors John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, E. L. Thorndike (connectionism), Bandura, Tolman (moving toward cognitivism) Keywords Classical conditioning (Pavlov), operant conditioning (Skinner), Stimulus-response (S-R) Behaviorism Behaviorism is a worldview that assumes a learner is fundamentally passive, responding to environmental stimuli.The learner starts off as a clean specify (i. e.tabula rasa) and behavior is shaped through overconfident reinforcement or cast out reinforcement. Both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement increase the prospect that the antecedent behavior will happen again. In contrast, punishment (both positive and negative) decreases the likelihood that the antecedent behavior will happen again. Positive indicates the exert ion of a stimulus Negative indicates the withholding of a stimulus. Learning is thus defined as a change in behavior in the learner. Lots of (early) behaviorist work was done with animals (e. g. Pavlovs dogs) and generalized to humans.