The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations Essay Example

The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations Essay The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations JOHN H HANNAH III UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations This paper will examine the particular issues associated with the impact of outsourcing on public sector organization’s performance and employee commitment. As the move to outsourcing is part of a wider phenonom for flexibility in the organizational, structure, development and change paradigms of public sector organizations. This paper begins by examining the problems associated with an outsourcing strategy in public sector organization. Many counties within the US, have chosen to outsource the investment and operation of non-competitive public services, such as water and waste management, public transports, mail services, information and communication technology services, facilities management and road infrastructures. Outsourcing today has become an essential revenue and growth strategy for almost every existing corporation. It creates flexibility in the company, ensuring the maximum utilization of available resources within the company. It also offers corporations cost advantages and help free up their management resources. Orange county government-anywhere USA, requested the services of a Home Land Security Specialist to assist in the collaborative, assessment, development and strategic enhancement of it municipality’s Information Technology (IT) and Critical Facilities’ (CF) upgrades and security. Upon the completion of plan, expectations and deliverables, a series of introductions with Directors, Managers and Supervisors, it was apparent the federal dollars associated with the project was indeed the motive for the invitation. In my initial general assessment and development of a strategy, the organization handbook was the first critical reading which uncovered a mission statement, values, ethical guidelines and the organizational cultural premise. â€Å"The Mayor’s outline the vision, values and mission as simple – to serve. You have an important job to do as we work to meet the needs of our citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We ensure that roads are built and maintained; we protect environmental resources; we respond to crisis and emergency situations; we staff facilities that care for people; and we ensure that the quality of life of our citizens is protected our challenge is to build on the strengths of our diverse community so that everyone can enjoy the very best Orange County has to offer. We are committed to maintaining an organization where citizens are engaged in civic affairs, take ownership in their government and have input in the decision making process†. The following core values serve as our foundation: 1. FAIRNESS, 2. WORK ETHIC 3. INTEGRITY AND CHARACTER 4. EXCELLENCE AND INNOVATION: 5. PROFESSIONALISM AND ACCOUNTABILITY (Orange County Government, 2012) . The role of the Security Specialist in this public sector organization is to examine the particular issues associated with the impact of outsourcing on public sector organization’s performance and employee commitment and develop a strategy to move this organization toward outsourcing initially in the areas of IT and CF. Provide an assessment and evaluation of the organizational readiness for change in the area of outsourcing. This paper begins by examining the problems associated with an outsourcing strategy in public sector organization in the form of an assessment. As public sector moves to outsourcing as part of a wider strategy to increase flexibility in the organizational, structure, development and change paradigms of public sector organization. Outsourcing helps organizations to be focused. Since the most valuable resource within management is time, once a process is successfully outsourced, the management gets more and effective time to explore new revenue streams, time to accelerate other projects and time to focus on customers. Traditionally executives spend 80 percent of their time managing details, and only 20 percent on planning and customer relations, in other words, a successful outsourcing process can help reverse this ratio. Outsourcing can also help companies to have access to new technologies that might not be used in their company. This is mainly because the outsourcers use the latest state-of-the art technologies to serve their private sector clients. And this might also increase the change paradigm shift and rapid migration of these companies to new technology. Outsourcing also helps multi functional areas and department of a public sector providing the benefit of 24-hour operational cycles and providing necessary services to their customer. The ever- growing pressure for increased productivity and profitability of city, county and state governments thus, the pressures to reduce costs and improve productivity are the main factors that influenced the beginning of offshore outsourcing. For example, the main advantages to move production to private contracting of products and services to reduce in-house human resources management cost. Hence, today outsourcing has become an attractive and powerful strategy for companies to reduce cost and improve performance. These models provide theoretical guidelines upon which valid and reliable organizational assessments should be based. All of these models provide value to management and human resource organizational leaders performing organizational assessments based on a internal aspects or a system theory evaluation approach (Erwin Garman, 2010). The McKinsey 7S Framework model is used as a tool to assess and monitor changes in the internal situation of an organization closed system assessment. The model is based on the theory that, for an organization to perform well, these seven elements need to be aligned and mutually reinforcing. So, the model can be used to help identify what needs to be realigned to improve performance, or to maintain alignment (and performance) during other types of change. The basic premise of the model is that there are seven internal aspects of an organization that need to be aligned if it is to be successful evaluation and assessment tool. The Seven Interdependent Elements of the 7s model are Hard elements (strategy, structure and systems) and the Soft Elements (shared values, skills, style and staff) (Waterman, Peters, Phillips, 1980) Burke Litwin Model (The Casual Model of Organizational Performance Change) – The Burke Litwin Model, suggests linkages that hypothesize how performance is affected by internal and external factors. It provides a framework to assess organizational and environmental dimensions that are keys to successful change and it demonstrates how these dimensions should be linked causally to achieve a change in performance. According to Burke-Litwin’s model, an organization may conduct a change intervention in stages as they relate to a specific focus in two stages â€Å"First order and Second order† changes. If an OD intervention is directed toward structure, systems, and management practice result, it can be considered a first order change, if interventions are directed toward mission, strategy, leadership, and organizational culture then result in second order change (Burke Litwin, 1992). The Marvin Weisbord-Six-Box Model (Weisbord’s Model) is designed to assess the functioning of organizations based mainly on the techniques and assumptions of the field of organizational development. The model represents a particular way of looking at organizational structure and design. It gives attention to issues such as planning, incentives and rewards, the role of support functions such as personnel, internal competitions among organizational units, standards for remuneration, partnerships, hierarchies and the delegation of authority, organizational control, accountability and performance assessment. The model also follows the basic systems approach to organizational functioning including the well-known inputs and outputs categories. The six-box model is comprised of the following components (boxes): (1). Purposes, (2). Structure, (3) relationships; (4). Rewards, (5). Leadership, (6). Coordinating technologies. The only disadvantage to this model is it s design to only address internal environments (Weisbord, 1978). An open system organizational development theory and (Burke Litwin) model will be utilized to conduct a diagnosis analysis planned change assessment to the organization. These changes are usually designed to address an organization problem or to help an organization prepare for future. It is the one method of quickly bringing change, which focus on human and social aspects of the organization as a way to improve organization’s ability to adapt and solve problems. The best theory is developed from practice; the best practice should be grounded in theory (Seeger, 2006; Brown, 2011). The Burke Litwin Model hypothesizes’ how performance is affected by internal and external factors. Public sector management occurs within a complex, dynamic system involving stakeholders, coupled with informational and resource material flows and behaviour that is characterized by interactions related to internal and external environments. According to Burke-Litwin’s model, an organization may conduct a change intervention in stages as they relate to a specific focus in two stages â€Å"First order and Second order† changes. If an OD intervention is directed toward structure, systems, and management practice result, it can be considered a first order change, if interventions are directed toward mission, strategy, leadership, and organizational culture then result in second order change (Burke Litwin, 1992). The theory of Organizational readiness for change is considered a multi-level, multi-faceted construct. From and organization-level construct, readiness for change refers to organizational members shared resolve to implement a change (change commitment) and shared belief in their collective capability to do so (change efficacy). Organizational readiness for change varies as a function of how much organizational member’s value the change and how favorably they appraise three key determinants of implementation capability: task demands, resource availability, and situational factors. When organizational readiness for change is high, organizational members are more likely to initiate change, exert greater effort, exhibit greater persistence, and display more cooperative behavior (Weiner, 2009). References Bateman, T. S. , Snell, S. A. (2007). Management: Leading collaboratiing in a competitive world (7th ed. . New York, NY: McGraw Hill Irwin. Boland, T. , Fowler, A. (2000). A systems perspective of performance management in public sector management. The International Journal of Public Sector organizations, 13(5), 417-446. doi:10. 1108/09513550010350832 Brown, D. R. (2011). An experiential approach to organization development (8th ed. ). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Burke, W. W. , Litwin, G. H. (1992). Causal model of organization performance and change’. Journal Management, 18(3), 523-545. doi:10. 1177/014920639201800306 Erwin, D. G. , Garman, A. N. (2010). Resistance to organizational change: Linking research and practice,. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 31(1), 39-56. doi:10. 1108/01437731011010371 Harrison, M. I. , Shirom, A. (1999). Organizational diagnosis and assessment: Bridging theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kotter, J. (1995). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 59-67. Retrieved from http://89. 248. 0. 102/upload/Topplederprogrammet/Kotter. pdf Lewin, K. (1951). Field Theory in Social Science. London, England: Harper Row. Orange County Government. 2012, April). Employee Handbook. Fl. Retrieved from http://www. ocfl. net/Portals/0/resourcelibrary/employment-employehandbook. pdf Waterman, R. , Peters, T. J. , Phillips, J. R. (1980). Structure is not organization. Mckinsey Quarterly, 2-20. Retrieved from http://www. tompeters. com/docs/Structure_Is_Not_Organization. pdf Weisbord, M. (1978). Organizational Diagnosis: A Workbook of Theory and Practice. Addison-wesle y. Wiener, B. J. (2009). A theory of organizational readiness for change. Implementation Science, 4, 67. doi:10. 1186/1748-5908-4-67 The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations Essay Example The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations Essay The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations JOHN H HANNAH III UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations This paper will examine the particular issues associated with the impact of outsourcing on public sector organization’s performance and employee commitment. As the move to outsourcing is part of a wider phenonom for flexibility in the organizational, structure, development and change paradigms of public sector organizations. This paper begins by examining the problems associated with an outsourcing strategy in public sector organization. Many counties within the US, have chosen to outsource the investment and operation of non-competitive public services, such as water and waste management, public transports, mail services, information and communication technology services, facilities management and road infrastructures. Outsourcing today has become an essential revenue and growth strategy for almost every existing corporation. It creates flexibility in the company, ensuring the maximum utilization of available resources within the company. It also offers corporations cost advantages and help free up their management resources. Orange county government-anywhere USA, requested the services of a Home Land Security Specialist to assist in the collaborative, assessment, development and strategic enhancement of it municipality’s Information Technology (IT) and Critical Facilities’ (CF) upgrades and security. Upon the completion of plan, expectations and deliverables, a series of introductions with Directors, Managers and Supervisors, it was apparent the federal dollars associated with the project was indeed the motive for the invitation. In my initial general assessment and development of a strategy, the organization handbook was the first critical reading which uncovered a mission statement, values, ethical guidelines and the organizational cultural premise. â€Å"The Mayor’s outline the vision, values and mission as simple – to serve. You have an important job to do as we work to meet the needs of our citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Outsourcing on Public Sector Organizations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We ensure that roads are built and maintained; we protect environmental resources; we respond to crisis and emergency situations; we staff facilities that care for people; and we ensure that the quality of life of our citizens is protected our challenge is to build on the strengths of our diverse community so that everyone can enjoy the very best Orange County has to offer. We are committed to maintaining an organization where citizens are engaged in civic affairs, take ownership in their government and have input in the decision making process†. The following core values serve as our foundation: 1. FAIRNESS, 2. WORK ETHIC 3. INTEGRITY AND CHARACTER 4. EXCELLENCE AND INNOVATION: 5. PROFESSIONALISM AND ACCOUNTABILITY (Orange County Government, 2012) . The role of the Security Specialist in this public sector organization is to examine the particular issues associated with the impact of outsourcing on public sector organization’s performance and employee commitment and develop a strategy to move this organization toward outsourcing initially in the areas of IT and CF. Provide an assessment and evaluation of the organizational readiness for change in the area of outsourcing. This paper begins by examining the problems associated with an outsourcing strategy in public sector organization in the form of an assessment. As public sector moves to outsourcing as part of a wider strategy to increase flexibility in the organizational, structure, development and change paradigms of public sector organization. Outsourcing helps organizations to be focused. Since the most valuable resource within management is time, once a process is successfully outsourced, the management gets more and effective time to explore new revenue streams, time to accelerate other projects and time to focus on customers. Traditionally executives spend 80 percent of their time managing details, and only 20 percent on planning and customer relations, in other words, a successful outsourcing process can help reverse this ratio. Outsourcing can also help companies to have access to new technologies that might not be used in their company. This is mainly because the outsourcers use the latest state-of-the art technologies to serve their private sector clients. And this might also increase the change paradigm shift and rapid migration of these companies to new technology. Outsourcing also helps multi functional areas and department of a public sector providing the benefit of 24-hour operational cycles and providing necessary services to their customer. The ever- growing pressure for increased productivity and profitability of city, county and state governments thus, the pressures to reduce costs and improve productivity are the main factors that influenced the beginning of offshore outsourcing. For example, the main advantages to move production to private contracting of products and services to reduce in-house human resources management cost. Hence, today outsourcing has become an attractive and powerful strategy for companies to reduce cost and improve performance. These models provide theoretical guidelines upon which valid and reliable organizational assessments should be based. All of these models provide value to management and human resource organizational leaders performing organizational assessments based on a internal aspects or a system theory evaluation approach (Erwin Garman, 2010). The McKinsey 7S Framework model is used as a tool to assess and monitor changes in the internal situation of an organization closed system assessment. The model is based on the theory that, for an organization to perform well, these seven elements need to be aligned and mutually reinforcing. So, the model can be used to help identify what needs to be realigned to improve performance, or to maintain alignment (and performance) during other types of change. The basic premise of the model is that there are seven internal aspects of an organization that need to be aligned if it is to be successful evaluation and assessment tool. The Seven Interdependent Elements of the 7s model are Hard elements (strategy, structure and systems) and the Soft Elements (shared values, skills, style and staff) (Waterman, Peters, Phillips, 1980) Burke Litwin Model (The Casual Model of Organizational Performance Change) – The Burke Litwin Model, suggests linkages that hypothesize how performance is affected by internal and external factors. It provides a framework to assess organizational and environmental dimensions that are keys to successful change and it demonstrates how these dimensions should be linked causally to achieve a change in performance. According to Burke-Litwin’s model, an organization may conduct a change intervention in stages as they relate to a specific focus in two stages â€Å"First order and Second order† changes. If an OD intervention is directed toward structure, systems, and management practice result, it can be considered a first order change, if interventions are directed toward mission, strategy, leadership, and organizational culture then result in second order change (Burke Litwin, 1992). The Marvin Weisbord-Six-Box Model (Weisbord’s Model) is designed to assess the functioning of organizations based mainly on the techniques and assumptions of the field of organizational development. The model represents a particular way of looking at organizational structure and design. It gives attention to issues such as planning, incentives and rewards, the role of support functions such as personnel, internal competitions among organizational units, standards for remuneration, partnerships, hierarchies and the delegation of authority, organizational control, accountability and performance assessment. The model also follows the basic systems approach to organizational functioning including the well-known inputs and outputs categories. The six-box model is comprised of the following components (boxes): (1). Purposes, (2). Structure, (3) relationships; (4). Rewards, (5). Leadership, (6). Coordinating technologies. The only disadvantage to this model is it s design to only address internal environments (Weisbord, 1978). An open system organizational development theory and (Burke Litwin) model will be utilized to conduct a diagnosis analysis planned change assessment to the organization. These changes are usually designed to address an organization problem or to help an organization prepare for future. It is the one method of quickly bringing change, which focus on human and social aspects of the organization as a way to improve organization’s ability to adapt and solve problems. The best theory is developed from practice; the best practice should be grounded in theory (Seeger, 2006; Brown, 2011). The Burke Litwin Model hypothesizes’ how performance is affected by internal and external factors. Public sector management occurs within a complex, dynamic system involving stakeholders, coupled with informational and resource material flows and behaviour that is characterized by interactions related to internal and external environments. According to Burke-Litwin’s model, an organization may conduct a change intervention in stages as they relate to a specific focus in two stages â€Å"First order and Second order† changes. If an OD intervention is directed toward structure, systems, and management practice result, it can be considered a first order change, if interventions are directed toward mission, strategy, leadership, and organizational culture then result in second order change (Burke Litwin, 1992). The theory of Organizational readiness for change is considered a multi-level, multi-faceted construct. From and organization-level construct, readiness for change refers to organizational members shared resolve to implement a change (change commitment) and shared belief in their collective capability to do so (change efficacy). Organizational readiness for change varies as a function of how much organizational member’s value the change and how favorably they appraise three key determinants of implementation capability: task demands, resource availability, and situational factors. When organizational readiness for change is high, organizational members are more likely to initiate change, exert greater effort, exhibit greater persistence, and display more cooperative behavior (Weiner, 2009). References Bateman, T. S. , Snell, S. A. (2007). Management: Leading collaboratiing in a competitive world (7th ed. . New York, NY: McGraw Hill Irwin. Boland, T. , Fowler, A. (2000). A systems perspective of performance management in public sector management. The International Journal of Public Sector organizations, 13(5), 417-446. doi:10. 1108/09513550010350832 Brown, D. R. (2011). An experiential approach to organization development (8th ed. ). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Burke, W. W. , Litwin, G. H. (1992). Causal model of organization performance and change’. Journal Management, 18(3), 523-545. doi:10. 1177/014920639201800306 Erwin, D. G. , Garman, A. N. (2010). Resistance to organizational change: Linking research and practice,. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 31(1), 39-56. doi:10. 1108/01437731011010371 Harrison, M. I. , Shirom, A. (1999). Organizational diagnosis and assessment: Bridging theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kotter, J. (1995). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 59-67. Retrieved from http://89. 248. 0. 102/upload/Topplederprogrammet/Kotter. pdf Lewin, K. (1951). Field Theory in Social Science. London, England: Harper Row. Orange County Government. 2012, April). Employee Handbook. Fl. Retrieved from http://www. ocfl. net/Portals/0/resourcelibrary/employment-employehandbook. pdf Waterman, R. , Peters, T. J. , Phillips, J. R. (1980). Structure is not organization. Mckinsey Quarterly, 2-20. Retrieved from http://www. tompeters. com/docs/Structure_Is_Not_Organization. pdf Weisbord, M. (1978). Organizational Diagnosis: A Workbook of Theory and Practice. Addison-wesle y. Wiener, B. J. (2009). A theory of organizational readiness for change. Implementation Science, 4, 67. doi:10. 1186/1748-5908-4-67

White Paper For Vietnam Essay Example

White Paper For Vietnam Essay Example White Paper For Vietnam Essay White Paper For Vietnam Essay History of Vietnam is the history of scourge and wars starting with the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, also known as North Vietnam by Ho Chi Minh in Ha Noi on 2nd September, 1945 with the declaration of Independent State with Tonkin and Anan provinces also taken over. This was a starting phase of the aggression, which began to take shape into full-fledged war between South and North Vietnam and turned the course of history of Vietnam. Geneva Peace Accord signed under the gloominess of Korean War by France and Vietnam in 1954 shows the signs of the beginning of the Cold War. And due to the pressures exerted from Soviet Union and the People’ Republic Of China, Vietnam delegation promised to create a temporary partition of their nation at the seventeenth parallel. Moreover, Communists also began to believe that with their superior position and better organization, they can take over Southern Vietnam politically but this did not happen. On 2nd September 1945, the day was the mark of the French colonial rule over Vietnam, Statue of the Frederic Auguste Barholdi’s Liberty Enlightening the world was placed at the avenue Pugiener and gathered was the crowd of 400,000 people to mark the failure to oust France in 1880’s. From the place, Ho Chi Min showed independence of Vietnam and Liberty ensued. Under the shadow of international turmoil at the aftermath of First World War and the Communists regime: Soviet Union and China, The Vietnam War also known as the Second Indochina War was one more step to make United States raise their brows and reconsider their international relations. After the Geneva Peace Accord was signed, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam land reform programs took the shape of mass killings on their prospective enemies. Later Ho Chi Minh apologized and in the South, Emperor Bao Dai formed the non-communist state who was an ardent supporter of France and Japan and made Ngo Dinh Diem his Prime Minister. In the back drop of this turn over, Catholics and around 90,000 Viet Minh fighters entered North to regroup themselves. According to the Geneva Conference of 1954, the partition of Vietnam was only temporary, making waves for the National Assembly elections on 20th July 1956. The agreement that ensued led to the division of two Military Zones to be separated by the Demarcation line known as Demilitarized Zone. Among other Nations, United Nations refused to became signatory to Geneva agreement and the President of South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem refused to hold elections. This raised the question over United States commitment for democracy and also possiblity of any elections that can be run in Communist North. In 1954, just two months after the Geneva convention, North Vietnam formed what is known as Group 100 with its headquarters at Ban Nameo. After 1954, South Vietnam became part of Asia and Senator John F Kennedy followed parenthood approach as the Middlebrow logic of political obligation in his 1956 speech to the American friends of Vietnam. As the events unfolded, Vietnam was on the verge of war and bloodshed. In 1955, North Vietnam started with the ‘anti-landlord’ campaign, whereby they either imprisoned or killed number of counter-revolutionaries, according to the various historical versions ranging between 6, 000 to 200, 000. Vietnam became the land where new kind of aggression was unleashed against the advocators of independence and the very concept of democracy. The brutalities and armed attacks were leashed at the behest of the Communist regime in Hanoi and in 1965, the aggressions became more severe. Just like Greece, the Guerrilla warfare forces began to use neighboring territories as their place of their activities. North Vietnam was striving to use any means to control South Vietnam and to support them were the Communist China and other Communist states supplying them with new weapons. To support the regime was the Lao Dong, who set up complete machinery in South Vietnam to run their espionage and subversion activities in 1960. It was mainly because of the malicious reasons. And for ten years to the date 1960, South Vietnam confronted their aggressors. In a report titled Threat to the State issued by the Central Research Agency with evidence clearly stated North Vietnam designs over South Vietnam. At the behest of South Vietnam, United States took its stand to give this part of Vietnam his military and strategic support.

Egovernment Issues, Technology And Applications Essay

Egovernment Issues, Technology And Applications - Essay Example The study is significant to the school Heads, teachers and parents who may use the data gathered so as to strategize on how to encourage and motivate the adolescent students in learning to improve their academic performance and stiffly face the challenges that comes their way. The essay shall restrict itself to the factors and effects surrounding the poor academic performance among adolescent students in the US. It will look into factors and effects that arise from the home environment and the learning motivation of the learners. The report shall restrict itself to the specific schools in the US with a possibility of generalising the findings to other schools of the US. The study shall target on the effects of home environment and learning motivation on academic performance of adolescents because it is an area which has not been well researched, and therefore any study focused specifically to that category would yield into timely results. This paper makes a conclusion that adolescent students are faced with a lot of challenges during their academic lives. So many effects on their academic performance are paramount and for them to improve, these effects must be found out and addressed accordingly. This is possible only if the government and the public realize the significance of good academic performance among the adolescents, their continued stay in school without dropping out of school and their positive contribution to the nation and the society at large. The government and the public should therefore empower and support researchers in all ways. This is only possible if the challenges stated above shall be resolved and a long-term solution found

The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships Essay - 1

The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships - Essay Example This is because many people believed that the policy was successful due to its stability, capitalist, and anti-communism stance. After 1965, nonetheless, this regime became disliked by many Americans, thus, making the issue to become contested. One of the major turning-point was the Vietnam War that played an essential role in undercutting the foundation for supporting the Right-Wing Dictatorships (Schmitz, 2011). Through Schmitz’s book, reader is capable to understand the persistence of the older attitudes, emergent deliberations regarding Vietnam War and the steps to bring change and bring to a closure that U.S support for the authoritarian regime. This paper undertakes to examine the America’s support for the Right-Wing Dictatorships in Africa, Europe, Latin America, and Asia. The support for the Right-Wing Dictatorships is an issue that has happened in the U.S. for several years. Since the end of Second World War, the United States has been fighting communism. The U.S. has been supporting dictators from all over the world such as in Chile, El Salvador, Philippines, Indonesia, and Congo. This has been a major issue that has affected most of these countries in terms of economic development. America supported these nations with the aim of preventing the spread of communism. It is noteworthy that the dictators that the U.S. supported are more or less similar worse that the communist leaders. As the World War II ended and Cold war began, the first priority was to stop the escalating communism at the time. The people of Cuba decided to support liberation from U.S. influence and they enjoyed the support of the Soviet Union’s Premier, Nikita Khrushchev. This was a milestone in the process liberation of the whole world. In April 1964, the CIA reported that amongst all Latin American nations, Chile is the country that offers the Communists their hope of joining other nations to embrace the idea of dominating the government via the electoral process

Week 5 Participation 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 Participation 2 - Assignment Example Conversely, the courses covered in this program have also changed my perception of employment. Focusing on professional and personal development rather that climbing up the ladder in your career could help you lead a more satisfied life and achieve your goals (Ballew and Hvezda, 2005). Ashley, I concur with the fact this course has facilitated your comprehension of the need to further your education. Since I have similarly undergone through the same program, I have also recognized that this program alone cannot satisfy my needs in terms of achieving my professional goals. I am also in agreement that holding an important decision making role is more important that merely climbing up the ladder in your organization. As explicated by Ballew and Hvezda (2005), holding a decision making role could help you understand how corporations or organizations are run thus furthering your skills, knowledge, and

Theme Of Facade In The Harlem Dancer English Literature Essay

Theme Of Facade In The Harlem Dancer English Literature Essay Masks mean many different things to many people. They are used at parties, ceremonies, rituals, sports, and so many other things. Most people eventually take masks off, revealing who they really are. However, some people put masks on to conceal who they really are, shielding them from the world. The poems The Emperor of Ice Cream by Wallace Stevens and The Harlem Dancer by Claude McKay both demonstrate the theme of faà §ade in different ways. The women depicted in the poems are completely different, however they both felt as if they needed to use a mask to go on with their lives in society. The Emperor of Ice Cream by Wallace Stevens portrays a woman who has passed away and the wake that is held for her. It is implied that she is nothing but a common woman who had no real achievements in her life. Her social status is revealed in the second stanza: Take from the dresser of deal, Lacking the three glass knobs, that sheet On which she embroidered fantails once And spread it so as to cover her face If her horny feet protrude, they come To show how cold she is, and dumb. It can be understood from reading that her dresser is lacking the three glass knobs that the dresser is old and possibly falling apart, implying that this woman does not have the money to afford a new one. The sheet that was placed over her body also came from atop of the dresser. She had also embroidered fantails once. When someone does not have a lot of money, it makes them thrifty. She must have embroidered the birds onto the sheet to make it look nicer. Making herself appear to have more wealth and status seems like something she did often. However, when her horny feet are revealed her masquerade is over. Her callused feet reveal that she has had hardship and has done a lot of hard work in her life to just survive. The size of the sheet that covers her is also very telling. The fact that the sheet was not large enough to cover her entire body reveals that she was not quite what she let people think she was. It is as if the sheet covered the part of her that she showed to the worl d and in her passing revealed the part of her that she really was. Her death has finally revealed that she was just an ordinary woman who tried to make her life seem better by tweaking a few things to live her faà §ade. The first part of the poem is also very telling about how the people who knew her perceive her now as she lays deceased in her bedroom. Let the wenches dawdle in such dress As they are used to wear, and let the boys Bring flowers in last months newspapers. Let be be the finale of seem. The people that are attending her wake seem to be dressed in ordinary clothing. They seem unbothered by the fact that they are at a wake of a woman that they possibly know. They are in such dress as they are used to wear which means that this event is not of major importance to them. The boys also brought flowers that are wrapped in last months newspapers. The womans wake was not even important enough for them to wrap the flowers in something nicer than last months newspapers. Both the girls and the boys who attended her wake did not think it was important enough to do anything special. The most telling line of the first stanza is, Let be be the finale of seem. The finale of seem represents the finality of the mask of what the woman wanted people to perceive when they looked at her. The line is saying that it is time to let fall the mask that the woman put on for a large portion of her life. This line alone sums up the theme of faà §ade in this poem. The faà §ade that this woman has worked so hard to maintain is lifted and even as she is dead, she is left pathetic and in her true form. The people who knew her used her death as an occasion to eat ice cream, to relieve some of their own troubles. Another poem that explores the theme of faà §ade is the poem The Harlem Dancer by Claude McKay. This poem is in the form of a sonnet, unlike the other poem which was free verse except a rhyming couplet at the end of each stanza. This poem captures what life was like for an African American woman during the 1920s. Being a woman in the 1920s was hard enough. When this poem was written women were given the right to vote two years prior, so tensions were still high. To add to the tension, an African American woman would have been given a harder time. Although no longer slaves, the tension between whites and African Americans still existed and would continue to exist until the Civil Rights Movement. This is the time that Claude McKay lived in. McKay used his experiences as a Harlem Renaissance writer to depict what an African American woman during the 1920s might have done in order to get by. The mask that the woman wears in The Harlem Dancer is much different than the mask the woman wears in The Emperor of Ice Cream. The mask the woman uses in The Harlem Dancer is used to protect her and save what little dignity she has left. Devoured her shape with eager, passionate gaze; But looking at her falsely-smiling face, I knew her self was not in that strange place. The woman in this poem is not being herself as she dances for the people throwing money at her. She had taken herself completely away mentally from the situation she is presently in and has put herself somewhere more comforting. She put on a mask to protect herself, instead of trying to make herself appear better than she really is. She uses her mask as a shield, making sure that no one will ever be able to get to the shred of pride and dignity in herself that she has left. It is obvious that this woman does not like dancing for money for these people that treat her terribly and ridicule her. It can be said that this is one of the few things that she is able to do to make ends meet. In order to support herself and possibly others, this is probably the profession that is the most lucrative for her during this time. The sad part of this is that she is not even earning much money. This is revealed in the line, Luxuriant fell; and tossing coins in praise. She is only earning petty coins and nothing of real monetary value that could be of use to her. Another part of the poem is also very telling about how resilient this woman is because of how she maintains her faà §ade. She sang and danced on gracefully and calm, The light gauze hanging loose about her form; To me she seemed a proudly-swaying palm Grown lovelier for passing through a storm. The woman seems to be weathered and has also gone through hardship much like the woman in the first poem. She has gone through things that have made her stronger in mind and body. It seems that because she has gone through such hardship, it has made her even more beautiful than she was. What has helped this woman become so strong and able to get through the tough times is that she can separate herself from the profession that she has to do any her actual self. It is akin to a victim of a murder or a rape that as it is happening, they block it out and put themselves somewhere else in their mind so they can get through the terrible experience. This woman is putting her mask on once again to get through her degrading job so she can support herself and possibly others. Her strength gives way to the hope that she will be able to stop dancing and be successful. The faà §ade presented in the poem The Emperor of Ice Cream has more to do with concealing and hiding away what the woman really was from the rest of the world. Her mask was like a security blanket, making sure that no one would ever see that she was just an ordinary woman with nothing to show of her existence. However, the faà §ade in the second poem The Harlem Dancer is more like a defense-mechanism. The woman in the second poem puts on the faà §ade to protect her dignity and to also transport herself away from the trauma. This faà §ade is used as a necessity whereas the faà §ade used in the first poem was a matter of pride for the woman. The women in both poems have seen many hardships and both struggle to survive in the world. They try to better themselves in hopes of living happily. The woman in the first poem hoped that the mask she put on would someday be who she really was. The woman in the second poem hoped that she would not have to wear a mask any longer. By using a f aà §ade, both women hid their true selves from the world.

Comparing How Two Women Find Their Identity :: Compare Contrast Comparison

Comparing How Two Women Find Their Identity Two women born in the United States, and raised in a small town, both have become important role models of today. They each write wonderful and strong essays describing what they believe in and finding out who they really are. Winona LaDuke and Pythia Peay both come from different backgrounds. LaDuke is a Native American Indian who wrote the essay on â€Å"Reclaiming Culture and the Lands.† Pythia Peay also wrote an essay on â€Å"Soul Searching.† They both share their ideas and experience of how and where they grew up. LaDuke is a mother of two children and lives on the White Earth reservation in Minnesota. She is part Jewish and part Ojibwe. Her parents are two very important people in her life. She was one of the few who grew up around people fighting for what they believe in. In her essay she writes about her religion and culture while trying to make it in the real world. She writes about how her people are there for one another and how they take care of each other’s children. In her essay she states, â€Å"We operate in extended families, and that is how we parent†, (10).She is stating that this is not common among the â€Å"White American Culture†, but among the Native Americans. She tries to teach them the value of life and keeping the tradition of their culture and how important it is to know where they come from. She talks about children learning from experience, having the need to be involved within their community, which will make them better understand their culture. In a way she is saying that seeing is believing! She talks strongly about how Native Americans are â€Å"deculturalizing† (12). She is saying that her people are slowly being pulled away from their native culture and being pulled into the white mans culture. This is what makes her even more determined to keep her culture and religion alive. Peay writes her essay on â€Å"Soul Searching†. She writes about finding her soul after leaving her home town in Oak Grove, Missouri where she grew up. Stepping into the new world full of opportunities is what she has always dreamed of. She traveled from city to city, and within each city she began to discover who she really was. In her essay, she lists some opinions and explains what she thinks of them.

Management information system Introduction

IntroductionThe nature of implementation failure in information systems can typically range from project scenario development to final implementation.  The implementation failures range from concept generation stage where the idea is conceived, to defining budgets, software modifications and use of external consultants carefully.  The following sections describe the factors which directly or indirectly influences the system implementation failure.The implementation failure of an information system largely depends on the system project itself and the various external and internal factors which influences its existence and self being (Heeks, 2002). The various aspects which can be attributed for implementation failures are the following:1.  Ã‚   Top management leadership issues: The participation and interest of the higher management in getting the system implemented well through the initiation phases. The degree of ownership is largely lacking when it comes to active participati on and commitment.a.   Business case development failure: The commitment of higher management towards answering the business workflow model questions and simplifying the flow of their business is largely lacking. The amount of passion and determination impact the failure of the implementation.Solution: Defining the events of requirements gathering in terms of business words such as time, effort and money would make them aware of the implementation issues and their contribution in successful development of the system.b.   Lack of focus and involvement: After the system development project is provided to a vendor, it is usually taken for granted that the responsibilities of the top management is finished at that point and the vendor is completely responsible for getting across the ideas and come up with a deliverable.  Solution: Understanding the systems development process which solely involves the business flow model and their active participation.c.    Lack of proper metric s to determine performance:   Often the value added resources in the organization has an undefined cost associated with it. The cost of quality, inventory levels, throughput and flow, overall equipment effectiveness, on-time deliveries and customer satisfaction measures must be translated into time and cost.  Solution: Appropriate attachment of value to intangible resources in an organization must be done at all levels.2.  Ã‚   People issues:   The change management issues of people in an organization are quite responsible for implementation failures.a.  Ã‚   Averse towards change: The primary factor is the minds of people for whom the technology is implemented. If they are not able to take the change in a positive manner in affecting their working habits, the system would be rendered useless (Casey, 2005).Solution: Accepting the real world or digital challenges by the people to understand the positive challenges concerned with system output and employee output. The amount of long term success which a system would guarantee is unknowingly outstanding to organization.b.  Ã‚   Low Trust in system: The output level of the organization’s processes after the implementation of the system is taken as a probable issue and accounts for its failure.Solution: System must be operated in right spirit for its well being and use.3.  Ã‚   Deployment methods:a.  Ã‚   Weak deployment strategies: The strategies which are enforced in deploying the system in the organization is challenging to the general working of the present system. The correct ascertainment and the management perspective to the process for implementation and deployment of the system in the organization would be an important element in its success. The phased implementation seems to be always the best; however an information system and the associated organization must be well synchronized to implement the change.Solution: Determination by the software vendor in collaboration with the highe r management for deployment is a big issue which requires experience and commitmentb.  Ã‚   Lack of documentation and training:   The lack of documentation would result in mismanagement of information and project related activities. The lack of training would make the employees feel uncomfortable to the systems operations and functions (Laudon, 2002).  Solution : Proper attention to documentation and training must be taken care.ConclusionThe implementation failures rest on the shoulders of both the organization and the software vendor. Enough collaboration and positive differential thinking on both ends would result in making the right moves for implementation and reduce system failures.References / BibliographyCasey, Dermot (2005). Understanding the Situation ofInformation Systems Development Failure: A role for Pragmatism.Heeks, Richard (2002). Failure, Success and ImprovisationOf Information Systems Projects in Developing Countries.Laudon C. Kenneth and Jane P. Laudon (2002 ),Management Information System, 6th ed New York: Tata McGraw Hill.

Affirmitive Action programs essays

Affirmitive Action programs essays I agree that putting affirmative action programs into practice is the best solution to providing equal employment opportunities for everyone regardless of ethnic background, gender or physical abilities. The affirmative action program ensures that an employer will appeal to every individual to apply for a position offered, and allow every applicant an opportunity to represent himself in an interview. Over the past centuries, there has been discrimination against women as homemakers that are only capable of raising children and keeping a house clean. Even it todays politically correct world, women are still stuck under the glass ceiling. In workplaces that are mainly dominated by physically fit men such as the military, there is a bias against individuals that do not meet the high physical standards. In more recent years, there has been a trend for employers to discriminate against individuals because of their race. Affirmative action programs will guarantee that employers will have h ire qualified individuals from all backgrounds. There is a notion that employers would rather hire a male than a female even if both applicants possess the same skills. In general, employers believe that it would be to their disadvantage to hire women because they are viewed as individuals that tend to keep to themselves and do not work well with others, especially men. Women have tried to break away from this obstructive notion by acquiring skills such as an education specifically related to their career. Lately, women have been more successful in attaining jobs because they are being recognized for the skills they possess but they are still being held back from holding top positions. This bias against women holding positions in the upper ranks of companies is known as the glass ceiling. The glass ceiling is a notion that women will never hold an executive position that is primarily male dominated. ...

Research Paper on Snowboarding

Research Paper on Snowboarding Snowboarding is a new sport that is very challenging and is attracting new fans all around the world. Snowboarding has really changed since it was first invented. It has become one of the fastest growing sports in America and the world. People everywhere including me are waiting for the snow to get a chance to go snowboarding. Snowboarding is the cross between surfing and skateboarding. Snowboarding has evolved into a great new sport but when it was first invented in the early 1900’s it was thought to be a child’s toy. Since that time it has changed from a child’s sport to a new competitive sport that features men and woman. Now days there are many competitions for snowboarding. Some people saw snowboarding as an alternative to surfing, skiing, and skateboarding. People who couldn’t buy surfing boards like Jake Burton used snowboarding as an alternative. It was a new sport and cheap to buy a snowboard. People who liked skateboarding saw snowboarding as a new sport that they could make their mark on. Nobody knows who invented the snowboard but in 1929 M.J. â€Å"Jack† Burchett invented one of the first snowboards. He cut out a piece of plywood and tried to secure his feet with some clothesline and horse reins. Thirty years later the next step in snowboarding was taken when Sherman Poppen, a chemical gases engineer invented â€Å"The Snurfer† as a toy for his daughter. Poppen made the â€Å"Snurfer† by bounding two skis together and putting a rope at the nose, so that the rider could hold it and keep it stable. Soon many of his daughter’s friends wanted a â€Å"Snurfer† too. So Poppen licensed his idea to a manufacturer and in 1966 â€Å"The Snurfer† sold over half a million times. In 1979 Poppen left the snowboarding business after Burton came up with the bindings and went back to his old profession. Another inventor was Jake Burton who became interested in snowboarding after taking part in Poppen’s â€Å"Snurfer† competitions that Poppen organized. His parents wouldn’t buy him a surfboard so riding the â€Å"Snurfer† was a new cool thing to do. In 1977 after he finished college Burton moved to Londonderry, Vermont to make money building different types of the Snurfer. He made his first boards out of laminated hardwood. While at a Snurfer competition in 1979 Burton shocked everyone by using his new board which had the first binding. The new binding made a big difference for handling the board and the binding made it easier for him to beat the other riders. In 1969 Dimitrije Milovich started making snowboards after he got the idea from sliding down a hill on a cafeteria plate in college. His snowboards were based on surfboards combined with the way skis work. In 1972 Dimitrije started a new company called â€Å"Winterstick†. He produced lots of snowboards and even got articles in magazines like â€Å"News Week†, â€Å"Playboy†, and â€Å"Power† which gave snowboarding lots of notoriety. In 1980 Milovich left the snowboarding business. He was still known as a very important pioneer of the sport. At the same time that Jake Burton was producing his snowboards Tom Sims produced his first snowboards in 1977. Sims was an avid skateboarder who made a â€Å"snowboard† in a junior high school shop class. He made his out of carpet wood and aluminum. He glued some carpet to the top of a piece of wood and put an aluminum sheeting on the bottom. He started making snowboards in 1977 in his garage with his friend and employee Chuck Barfoot. Barfoot actually made the boards and came up with the â€Å"Flying Yellow Banana†. It was a skateboard deck on top of a plastic shell with skegs. During 1980 Sims signed a skate-snowboarding deal with a big company Vision Sports. Signing the deal helped Sims get out of his financial problems but his friend Barfoot was left out and tried to go into business for himself but couldn’t compete with big competitors like Sims and Burton. The first modern competitive snowboarding contest took place in Leadville, Colorado in 1981. Then snowboarding competition took off from there and became world wide. In 1982 the first national snowboarding race was held in Suicide Six, outside of Woodstock, Vermont. Because of the conditions of the hill the goal of the race appeared to be mostly just surviving the race. The race was on a steep icy downhill run called â€Å"The Face†. Paul Graves put it on and Tom Simms and Jake Burton competed. Doug Bouton wins first place overall. This race marked the last time that snowboards and snurfer’s raced together. In 1983 Jake Burton puts on the national snowboarding championships in Snow Valley. A couple of months later Tom Sims holds the inaugural World Snowboarding Championships at Soda Springs Ski Bowl in Lake Tahoe. That contest featured the first contest with a half pipe. In 1986 the World Snowboarding Championships move from Soda Springs to Colorado. In 1986 a new European snowboarding generation is launched. Then the Europeans began to organize their own regional events like the Swiss Championships in St. Moritz. In 1987 a group of riders and manufacturers form N.A.S.B.A. who’s main goal is to create a unified World Cup tour with the Europeans. In 1988 N.A.S.B.A. got its wish and the first world cup was held in both Europe and the United States. On a interesting note one million dollars is spent on the Victoria World Cup in Japan. It was the most expensive snowboarding contest ever. In 1994 everybody was happy because snowboarding was declared a Winter Olympic sport. It was finally accepted as a real competitive sport. In the 1998 Olympics in Nagano, Japan it was the first time ever that snowboarding was in the Olympics.

Morality & Cultural Ethical Relativism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Morality & Cultural Ethical Relativism - Essay Example A common misunderstanding that arises when it comes to making moral choices is when someone is egoistical. The ethical egoist merely employs self-interest in making moral decisions but this does not necessarily mean that someone is selfish. Ethical egotism is an approach that argues that a moral principle of an action is established by the self interest of an individual. Therefore, an action that advances self-interest is moral and the one that does not advance self-interest is also moral. Making moral decisions about medical decisions is based of self-interest and many other contemporary medical aspects take into considerations ethical egoism practices. Ethical egoism is desirable because nothing is inherently wrong as long as one does it in a right way to avoid lawsuits. For those who are ethical egoists, the right thing to do is to make moral choices that will protect them from being sued or make moral choices of what is best for their self-interest. Even the bible especially Phil ippians 2:4 does not condemn ethical egoist or self-interest but it does require ethical egoist to be balanced with concern for others. Taking onto consideration the welfare of others is imperative because the moral act of enlightened self-interest takes into considerations self-interest of others or the concern for the society. The ability to take self-interest follows on from self confidence and self acceptance but one should bear in mind that one’s own interest will be best served in case one takes into considerations.... Even the bible especially Philippians 2:4 does not condemn ethical egoist or self-interest but it does require ethical egoist to be balanced with concern for others. Taking onto consideration the welfare of others is imperative because the moral act of enlightened self-interest takes into considerations self-interest of others or the concern for the society. The ability to take self-interest follows on from self confidence and self acceptance but one should bear in mind that one’s own interest will be best served in case one takes into considerations the interest of others. Human beings are fundamentally ethical egoist; thus they appear to be intrinsically concerned first with their welfare. All human beings take their interest first but they tend to forget that taking into considerations the interest of others by sharing is one way of avoiding being selfish. Sharing is vital because it is through sharing that one can not only meet his or her own demanding needs but also help others to achieve their demanding needs. Cultural Ethical Relativism Scenario Cultural ethical relativism is viewed that all beliefs, cultures, customs, norms and ethical beliefs are relative to human being within his or her social environment. Cultural ethical relativism is when the society has dissimilar moral beliefs without taking any stand on the right or wrong for those beliefs. In cultural ethical relativism, what is deemed as ethical in one society may be deemed unethical in another society. This means that diverse culture may view right and wrong in a different way because there are no common standards of morality that exists in the society; thus nobody has the right to

Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Justice System - Essay Example In other words treating victims with the dignity they deserve while letting them continue to enjoy their fundamental human rights. The same applies to victims who are very vulnerable to vindication and are constantly in the risk of being treated harshly and with rejection due to the damages their crimes inflict on victims and to the society at large. There is a need for a balance between offenders' rights and victims' rights. The justice system has in some cases been accused of leaning too much on the side of the victims therefore denying the victim the right to be treated as not guilty until proven guilty before a fair and public trial in a court of law. Any justice system must be structured to meet the needs of both offenders and victims (Fowles, T 2006 P. 72). A right is a duty or responsibility entitled to an individual (Roberts, 2006 P. 115). Rights of victims enable them to get necessary support from the justice system. Usually the justice system is comprised of agencies such as the police, courts, probation officers, lawyers, prosecutors, and the government ministry concerned. Rights can be defined as responsibilities or duties of an offender or a victim (Fowles, 2006. P.57). It can be argued that victim's and offender's rights are related but in an inverse manner. According to (Samuel Walker 1980. P. 36,) the following are some of the theories put forward in relation to criminal justice and victim's/offender's rights. Restorative justice theory. Proponents of restorative theory argue that a victim can be restored to his/her former condition. It therefore suggests that the fact that victims have undergone crime experience does not mean that they will forever remain haunted by their experiences. This theory advocates for a justice system whereby victims can undergo restoration and therefore help them cope with the effects of the crime. It advocates for punishment of offenders though it opposes imprisonment. Restitution and community services are the commonest types of penalties advocated for by restorative theorists. It is aimed at re-socialising offenders. In view of striking a balance between offender's rights and victim's rights, restorative justice can be of much help for it seeks to up hold both the victim's and offender's rights while benefiting the society but there are those opposed to it terming it as too lenient. Retributive justice theory. Popularly known as the 'eye for an eye' method, it assumes that a victim has a right to 'hit back'. This justice system calls for punishments such as capital punishment, and in some parts of the world, amputation. In view of human rights advocates, a retributive justice system is considered unfair to the offender in that it does not accord a second chance for reforming. It can also cause emotional trauma to victims or their heirs and family especially in cases where they feel guilty and feel they caused the death of the offender. Transformative justice theory. A justice system founded on this theory will try to discourage animosity between the victim or the heirs and the