Main types of state and independent schools.

1.1 Identify the main types of state and independent schools. 1.2 Describe the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stages and school governance.Community schools These are run by the Local Education Authority and are funded by the state via the local authority. These schools follow the national curriculum. The LEA usually owns and has responsibility for all buildings and premises as well as employing staff and admissions.Voluntary controlled schools These schools have a religious affiliation (predominantly Church of England) and are funded by central government via the local authority. The LEA are responsible for the land and buildings although these are typically owned by a charitable foundation who also appoint about a quarter of the schools governors. The LEA are responsible for employing staff and admissions and pupils follow the national curriculum.Voluntary aided schools These schools also have a religious affiliation and are largely fun ded by the state although a trust or foundation, represented by a proportion of the schools governors, provide some funds for buildings etc. These schools have more autonomy than voluntary controlled schools and the governors are responsible for employing staff and admissions. They follow the national curriculum and are also advised and supported by the LEA.Foundation schools These are state funded via the LEA, who also have responsibility for buildings and premises as well as curriculum and a supporting and advisory role. Governors are responsible for employing staff.Free schools These are state funded directly with no links to the LEA. Governors are responsible for employing staff and admissions as well as buildings and premises. Pupils do not follow the national curriculum. This type of school can be set up by any group applying to the government, but they must adhere to strict rules.Academies State funded with no link to LEA. Governors are responsible for employing staff and adm issions as well as buildings and premises. pupils do not have to follow the national curriculum but must meet the core subject requirements. They are self governing and most are constituted as registered charities and may also have corporate sponsors.Independent (private) schools Privately funded and usually fee paying. The owners are responsible for buildings and premises as well as employing staff and admissions. they do not have to follow the national curriculum but they have to be registered with the Department for Education and inspected by an independent schools inspectorate.Educational Stages and Age GroupsNursery & Reception Year 1 & 2 Year 3-6 Year 7-9 Years 10 & 11 Years 12 & 13foundation 3-5yrs key stage 1 5-7yrs key stage 2 7-11yrs key stage 3 11-14yrs key stage 4 14-16yrs key stage 5 16-18yrs Nursery 3-4Infants 4-5 5-7Junior7-11Primary 4-5 5-7 7-11Secondary11-14 14-16 may have sixth form First 4-5 5-7 7-8 or 9Middle8 or 9-11 11-13Upper13- 166th form college16-18 Special schools all age ranges and stages

Is Creativity Essential in Learning?

After the review of three elt designer approaches-the silent way, suggestopedia and total physical response, we have devised our own philosophy of teaching. We believe that creativity is essential to learning and if the students are making an effort on their part and discovering things for themselves; the factor of self-reliance is evolved and since the students are active and autonomous in exploration so the learning would be more effective. We believe that for language learners, the language would present itself as a problem or a riddle to be solved. Learners are required to engage with the language and try to discover and explore it. We believe that peer cooperation is an important factor in learning. This enhances the level of confidence and patience among the students and students learn a lot from each other but one drawback to this is that they also learn each others mistakes. Furthermore, students are asked to review and overview what they have learned in the class. It is by this activity of self correction through self-awareness that the students learn to deconstruct and then reconstruct. We believe that the use of sound-color chart is really effective in language learning. This chart contains all the sounds of the target language in different colors. Students learn syllables, words and then sentences of the target language through these charts. We believe that the psychological barriers that students bring with them be desuggested. These can be desuggested both by direct and indirect way. Once the student succeeds to clear his doubts and fear, his performance in learning will become quite easy and effective. We believe that activating the learner’s imagination will aid learning. For example, the learner’s can perform or take up a role or character in the target language that could place them inside the language they are learning. We also believe that when the students are exposed to the information as part of an environment, they grasp it more conveniently with less effort. The use of charts and posters related to the target language are one example of this. Moreover, the teacher’s authoritative role is of prime importance. The main role of the teacher is to deconstruct the self-perceived barriers and to encourage and support the students so that they have enough confidence in themselves. This would improve and enhance their learning ability. Error toleration encourages the students to learn from their mistakes and improve upon. Language is more effective when it is fun and here the main focus is on the spoken language. The use of commands in language learning makes it interesting. A complete lesson can be designed on the verbs by employing this technique. For example: Slice some bread. Spread the butter to all corners of bread. Put piece of meat on one slice of bread. We believe that the use of â€Å"The Arts† incorporate fun in the class and the students can enjoy their learning. The Arts enables suggestions to reach the subconscious of students. This method maintains a modest enthusiasm among the students. We believe that students should be encouraged to understand the target language before speaking. This method will provide the quick response from students. This will activate the learner’s imagination and help in learning. Motor activities involved plays an important role upon the cognitive learning of students . We believe that humor in the class make students stress-free and learning is more effective when students are in a relaxed state of mind.

Business Ethics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Ethics - Article Example Cremer and Bettignies contend that the reality and misconceptions about business ethics is frequently not â€Å"pragmatic,† as business are usually unclear about the particulars of their operations (De Cremer & de Bettignies, 2013). At the same time, the article explores the effects of this ambiguity in business practices. Businesspersons are motivated by indirect expectations and norms that can direct them towards violating ethical conduct (De Cremer & de Bettignies, 2013). The fact that this motivation makes up ordinary business today compels Cremer and Bettignies to accept a degree of ethical disconnection. Research proves that some level of overall tolerance that businesspersons will behave according to indirect presumptions of competition and greed. Business is a difficult game, and violation of ethics do occur, which make up the entire time. The pragmatism of business ethics revolves around two prevalent observations. First, it is acceptable to stretch business limits but not violate legal boundaries. Second, morals entail â€Å"grey zones,† which makes it difficult for businesses to assume responsibility (De Cremer & de Bettignies, 2013). Businesses consult current laws and regulations to learn that is unacceptable legally. This approach is beneficial in the sense that a business can practice what the law does not spell out as unacceptable. This outlook of stretching legal limits successfully blurs businesses ethical limits and raises the opportunities that organizations ultimately cross legal boundaries. In the process, an entirely new reality is formed centered on missing data (De Cremer & de Bettignies, 2013). This gap successfully lies to organizational stockholders about the business’ true practices. Impractical business practices persist even when businesspersons know stretching the legal limit creates ambiguity in business ethics. More opportunities to lie to shareholders, consumers, the government, and the community correspondingly

One event it had improve my english language Essay

One event it had improve my english language - Essay Example We were a bit relieved to realize that the agents in the airline were from Bahrain and they told me to leave my luggage as I was taking my board to Minneapolis via Chicago which connected to London from Bahrain. This was quite a harrowing experience for a person like my Shalan and I who had limited knowledge of English language and we had great challenge when it came to understanding announcements on shifting from one gate to another as we exchanged flights across the different cities. A few hours after arrival in the airport I heard the departure announcement for my flight in Arabic and hurried to the checkpoint for security check procedure. It here that I realized very few passengers about three or two were speaking Arabic language as the majority was internationals. My worry increased especially when I reached London and realized that only one person with a dark hair, little dark skin in his late of twenties I overheard speaking on the phone was Arabic speaker. I planned to speak to him and seek his help in getting my way out of the Heathrow Airport as we were going to connect to the next stopover. This was after I realized that the person seated next to me was an American after I saw him reading some book written in English. I had earlier in Manama tried to put everything in order and ensure all my documents were intact but I realized that one of my travel documents from London to Chicago was missing. I felt worried and could not settle but didn’t have a way of expressing myself to the English speaking American and so I simply stood and begun to behave in a manner suggesting I had a problem. Even the flight attendant did not understand me until some old man entered the plane with a son and helped in translating my problem from Arabica to the attendant and the American. It is after this that I got a surprising tap on my

Marketing Communication Trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Communication Trends - Essay Example This paper is an executive report on marketing communication trends. Network radio, along with television, nationalized magazines, and great metropolitan everyday newspapers appear to have constantly been I existence before. These structures not merely tied the nation together; however, there is strapping substantiation that to a large extent they assisted create the current societal and political civilization. Since each person could, and frequently did, perceive and conceivably hear similar messages at once starting from the 1950s and ending in the 1990s, people created nearly standardized mass media, along with mass marketing civilization (Jain, 2008). Marketing companies created generally demanded goods for these mass marketplaces. Retail distribution structures developed to vend to and via these marketplaces. Marketing communications experts developed plans, agendas, and structures to correspond with these mass marketplaces. Then technology rammed into society and individual wants and requirements. Suddenly customers, who currently had additional information compared to before, started to demand particular products, distribution structures, and communication. What at one time had been known to be a mass marketplace fragmented into thousands of detached, individual marketplaces driven by standard of living, ethnic background, earnings, geography, schooling, sexual category, and any other thing, which makes an individual dissimilar from another (Jaceviciute, 2011). Persons who are over 40 years old, were brought up as verbal correspondents. The prominence was on inscription and reading proficiencies. Persons who are less than forty years, are affiliates of the generation that is visual. This age group was raised on TV, movies, speeches, along with the verbal word. The disparity between the manner in which these two age groups communicate is remarkable. The change from a spoken to a visual

Nursing Leadership & Management in Practice Essay

Nursing Leadership & Management in Practice - Essay Example Never for a moment should she let members of her staff forget that they are nursing human beings, not diseases. The patient is an individual, the member of a family and of the community. He may be intelligent or unintelligent, educated or uneducated, American or some other nationality, but he has feelings and emotions which influences his emotions which influences his attitudes and actions. Before working as a staff on a nursing care unit, the nurses generally completed their training in mentoring and nursing. Patients will be grateful to a thoughtful nurse who anticipates his personnel needs and remembers his individual preferences, nevertheless he should be given the opportunity to make further requests and to participate in the planning of his care if he is able and desires to do so. During convalescence or a long chronic illness, the patient needs something to occupy his mind, be its pleasant companions, reading, games handwork, or assisting with the work of the ward. He needs faith in his nurses, their knowledge and dependability of judgment. He needs the sense of security that comes from the feeling that are people are working together-doctor, nurses, maids, porters-and not at cross purposes. He needs the confidence which results from knowing that the entire nursing staff is interested in him, is sympatric and understanding, knows his needs, has plan for his care, and is doing everything in its power to help him regain and maintain his health. The patient who has required an injury or an illness which places permanent limitations on his activity or makes necessary a change in his pattern of living needs help in accepting the restrictions, help in marshalling his resources and finding was to live happily and usefully within the limits of its illness. The good nurse recognizes early any social and emotional factors which contribute to the patient's illness and its prolongation and which inhibit his peace of mind. Since man patients need more help than she is prepared to give, nurse refer them to another individual or agency for assistance when necessary. 2. Nursing - Leadership & Management in Practice Identification of Skills The responsible for a nurse lies on promoting finest health and for preventing ill health. Nurses occupy a primary role in assessing nursing requirements, considering their medical, emotional and family circumstances, then plan and deliver care in hospitals, outpatient departments and in transit between hospitals. Typical work activities will vary according to the role, but they can include: The Nursing process is often Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation EvaluationThe nurse through her close contact with the patients learns of social problems which may need to be referred to a medial social worker. She also is in position to recognize when the services of a public health nurse would be advantageous and is responsible for supplying the agency with sufficient accurate information. Many patients will feel to receive the necessary home care and supervision unless the hospital staff nurse is alert to his needs and his ability to met hem without help. Teaching of the patient about his condition, his care and the ways of attaining optimum health should begin as early in

The Shawshank Redemption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

The Shawshank Redemption - Essay Example Becoming a filmmaker is not like becoming a dentist that involves having a role model and going to dental school for some years and then going to that line of work. The movie business is based on a lot of intellectual things like instinct, talent, effort, persistence and believing in yourself. So the real answer for those who are listening to me is I was my own role model; I found my own path because I believed that what works for another person cannot work for me and vice versa. It is as a result of my ambition that I struggled for 9 years to become a writer before starting earning a living from it. The movie Shawshank Redemption is rated as an uplifting, profoundly satisfying drama with not only sensitive direction, but also fine performances. Can you please explain what might have led to your movie achieving such a profound rating? First, I will attribute the rating of Shawshank Redemption as one of the best movies to have been produced to the flow of the story. The story presented in this movie can be understood by almost every person who watches it. The choice of key characters is also another thing that enhanced the success of the movie. The main characters in the Shawshank Redemption were Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman, who were among the renowned actors in that time. Incorporation of these two characters in a movie was by itself a success. Apart from storyline and choice of characters, cinematography also played a part in enhancing the success of the Shawshank Redemption in the movie industry. My working together with Roger Deakins, a renowned cinematographer, enhanced production of quality photographic images and effects. In relation to the cinematography that you have just touched on, throughout the movie you have used lighting.

Domestic holidaying in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Domestic holidaying in the USA - Essay Example The other top destinations are the famous Walt Disney World in Orlando. There you can enjoy the magical realm of Disney World with its Theme Parks and Water Parks. Portland Oregon is known for it fresh air and is home to the world renowned International Rose Test Garden where you can treat your senses to 7,000 rose plants (Parks & Gardens †¦). There is the White House in Washington, home of the President of the United States. Lake Tahoe borders Nevada and California where you will find the City of San Francisco, known for its famous Golden Gate Bridge and Hollywood with its famous Hollywood hotel and the Sunset Strip which emphasizes its movie stars and mansions. Finally, you can enjoy the Bar Harbor Maine in New England, The Grand Canyon in Arizona and Savannah Georgia in the State of Georgia. Works Cited â€Å"Parks & Gardens in Portland Oregon.† travelportland.com. travelportland. (n.d). Web 9 Feb 2011 â€Å"Ten Must Visit Cities in the United States.† hubpages. com. hubpages. (n.d.). Web 9 Feb 2011 â€Å"The Official Guide.† nycgo.com. nycgo. (n.d.). Web 9 Feb 2011

Leadership Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Assessment - Essay Example This will encourage them to work harder as well as take an interest in the goals and ambitions of the organization as they do not wish to be responsible for its failure to achieve them. This leadership style allows for the discussion of various issues and the input of all the employees involved in the making of a decision. The organization operates under a Divisional structure that is designed to enhance team development within the organization. This structure functions through grouping each organizational function into a division that is staffed with the necessary individuals and requirements in order to operate efficiently (Robbins & Judge, 2007). For example, the financial aspects of the organization will be dealt with by the finance division of the organization. This allows for the negation of any potential confusion and allows for an individual to hone their relationship skills within the workplace. This is because every division can be considered to be a team thus the emphasis on team development whereby individuals in the same division need to work together and with other divisions to reach the organization’s goals thus developing the relationship skills of the employees as a result (Robbins & Judge, 2007). The performance of the Company CEO in terms of ethical behavior and communication can be considered to be of a high level as he was successful in getting his employees to understand what he needed from them in a way that motivated the various individuals to give their best in the tasks that they were handed (Deckers, 2010). His ethics were also impressive as at no time did he show favoritism to one particular individual or group and operated on a basis of deserved merit when dealing with his employees. This led to the employees being motivated to improve on their work performance as they were encouraged by the fact that only their hard work would be the basis for recognition by the company meaning that everyone in the organization had a fair ch ance at climbing up the ladder. There are various practices that an organizational leader can use to motivate their employees to improve their work ethic. Some of these practices include the issuing of rewards for jobs well done. This will motivate an employee to give their best in whatever their working on as they try to achieve this award (Deckers, 2010). The reward in itself does not have to be a major gift and could be simple such as an additional off day for the employee, a gift card or any small token of appreciation that makes the individual feel the company has recognized the good work they have done. Another way of motivating employees can be through the hosting of social events for the workers. This could be a way of saying "thank you" for the hard work and will motivate them to make their company proud through the work that they do (Deckers, 2010). These events could be Christmas or other holiday parties or even hosting a birthday party for the longest serving employee in the company for example. A third practice in motivating employees is the issuing of equity shares to the workers that will make them feel like they are part of the company therefore its success will be their success. Diversity is an issue that can bring about a

Computer forenscis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Computer forenscis - Article Example Customization and optimization; the source code can be modified; therefore, the OS can be customized to suit the requirements of a particular lab. Support; its Adhoc support is excellent; mailing lists answer calls and provide assistance within minutes. It offers fast implementation of feature and patch requests. Disadvantages; requires retraining, learning Linux takes time and effort, and the command line is not intuitive. Support; Linux offers no formal support organization. Support queries are direct to the community, and the answer quality varies considerably. Interoperating; interoperating with proprietary technologies is difficult, implementation takes time and may even be incomplete. Volunteer development effort; many projects are in perpetual development stage and may be edgy, poorly documented and abandoned (Wolfe). In a forensic lab setting, both Linux and Windows have advantages and disadvantages. They are different but employ similar tools. The main difference is the approach taken in obtaining and interpreting the data. Recovery of data is crucial in forensics, and this is where Linux has an upper hand over Windows. Data on Linux is held for months even on heavily used systems. Linux file system avoids file fragmentation, and data remain clustered together. Deleted files are, therefore, easily recoverable on Linux than on Windows. Also, everything in Linux is noted as a file, and this translates to; any transaction occurring in Linux will leave traces

Thomas Kuhn Vs Jacques Derrida Essay Example for Free

Thomas Kuhn Vs Jacques Derrida Essay Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-1996) name is remembered for his enduring work in the philosophy of Science. Born on 18th July 1922, in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, his thoughts on the History of Science became most influential doctrine for the scientists. In his most famous book â€Å"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions†, Kuhn brought about the main essence of Scientific Revolutions through the ages. As a graduate student in theoretical physics at Harvard, he conceptualized the evolution of scientific thoughts and studies as periodic revolutions since ages, which he named as â€Å"paradigm shifts†. (Kuhn 1996) Kuhn says that, â€Å"Science is not a steady, cumulative acquisition of knowledge. Instead, science is â€Å"a series of peaceful interludes punctuated by intellectually violent revolutions.† (Thomas Kuhn, Online Edition) This implies that aspiring Scientists tend to follow the accepted norms and patterns and act and are trained within these â€Å"Received Beliefs† (Kuhn 1996) but these accepted beliefs tend to undergo through transitional phases. One set of belief takes the place of another set of belief and then scientists come forward with their own assumptions through these set of beliefs. This trend takes the form of revolution, which carries the world forward periodically. In other words, we can see the revolution in the scientific world every now and then. Kuhn’s theory is all about the sociological presumptions of science as seen or perceived by humans. This Paradigm shift is not about just the theories but the perceived beliefs or thought processes that go along with the changes in theory. This paradigm shift or scientific discoveries make its appearance in three phases. The first one is in the pre-scientific phase, whereby scientists have never arrived on any one consensus on any propounded theory. There have been criticism and contradictions resulting in several contrary and incomplete theories, and this leads to second phase which is Normal Science and scientists undergoing discoveries in this phase set their own assumptions right by their own several theories which they call as paradigms and explain their discovery within that paradigm in detail. But here too criticism can crop up and so scientists now give space to their experiments and explain their theory or Paradigm with the help of their experimental evidence. And again if some one comes out with the whole new definition of the theory then new stage of beliefs start. In all the arena of the scientific world, when new takes the place of old bestowing among the aspiring scientist’s new waves of thoughts, this according to Kuhn is paradigm shift. In these complexities of the world we find our-self facing number of paradoxes and complexities of life. On one hand, scientific philosophy has given us new lease of life on other hand philosophers like Jacques Derrida shows us the mirror of the sociological aspects of our daily principles and experiences that we face. Jacques Derrida argues that all human beings have to pass through different experiences according to the time. In other words, time is a big factor for the life experiences that human beings have to face. The experiences that human beings face arise in present time only, which do not have any link to the past. These experiences are a type of events, which are totally different from the experiences felt in the past. But, these experiences do make us remember our past and enable us to make anticipation about the future. And this remembrance about the past due to our experiences in the present and our anticipation for our future take place in continuity and is repeated. In other words whatever sequence of events have taken place now though do not have any connection in the past but there are certain cords or threads that have shades in our past that make our present experiences link to our past. Jacques Derrida is a French philosopher of today who conceptualized the school of deconstruction with a vision that has been applied to literature and linguistic writing and is a historical continuous cultural process of writing leaving the old conventional paradigm and moving into new. Both the Jacques Derrida and Kuhn are contemporary philosophers, two sides of same coin. Both are the philosophers of genre capturing the essence of what makes the true meaning of our lives, and what is basic truth about life. Kuhn, by delving into the history of science gives us the theory of our existence. He believes that whatever in our life if not scientifically proved, then it has no existence and no value. We are caught in the web of the accepted paradigms which keep on changing periodically but whose roots are same. One paradigm gives the way to another paradigm, scientifically yet true and scientists make the discovery on the set paradigm. In Kuhn own words, â€Å"the historian of science may be tempted to exclaim that when paradigms change, the world itself changes with them. Led by a new paradigm, scientists adopt new instruments and look in new places. Even more important, during revolutions scientists see new and different things when looking with familiar instruments in places they have looked before. It is rather as if the professional community had been suddenly transported to another planet where familiar objects are seen in a different light and are joined by unfamiliar ones as well†. (Kuhn 1996) On the other hand, Jacques Derrida is a philosopher of different mood and artistic soul. He too says old paves the wave for new but roots of the new still lies in the old. There are some traces of old in new. According to Helen Cixus, he belongs to â€Å"The Incorruptible† (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2006), the whole new generation of writers whose writings will always remain fresh and enticing for the readers. No other thinker in last 100 years has astounded and had an impact on philosophers, theologians, literary and art critics, psychologists, writers and artists than Jacques Derrida and it is also true about him that no other thinker than him has been greatly misunderstood. Kuhn’s vision was scientific and how science has constructed and deconstructed the world around us since centuries and Jacques Derrida interpreted writers, philosophers and sociologists to bring out the problem of current sociological interests. He gave us entirely new and hidden interpretations of writers from Plato to Joyce. He delves on the fact that from every structure like any literary, psychological, social, economic, political or religious device, which captures within our soul, our experiences of life makes us face the world through the process of â€Å"Exclusion.†(Direk Lawlor 2002) And it is absolutely sure that in the process of newly found creation, there is always something, which is left out. There is some missing cord or missing link, which we never able to make out but they make their appearance felt. Kuhn and Jacques Derrida were philosophers of different dimensions but gave us same reflection of life. Kuhn analyzed the works of scientists and Derrida analyzed the works for writers. He breathes and mourns through the eyes and souls of different writers whereas Kuhn breathes through the heart and soul of scientists and their discoveries that are giving our lives new directions. Derrida writes through the works of other writers that is his voice is a voice of other writers whereas Kuhn reflects the voice of scientific revolution through the ages. Reference List Direk Z. Lawlor L. 2002. Jacques Derrida: Critical Assessments of Leading. Published by Routledge. Kuhn, T. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Butler J. 2004. Jacques Derrida. Retrieved on January 12, 2008 from W.W.W: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n21/butl02_.html Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006. Jacques Derrida. Retrieved on January 12, 2008 from W.W.W: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/derrida/#Inc Thomas Kuhn. Online Edition. Retrieved on January 12, 2008 from W.W.W: http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/Kuhnsnap.html

US Political Polarization: Republicans and Democrats

US Political Polarization: Republicans and Democrats Partisanship has always existed in the United States. Though, there have been periods of decline and resurgence. But since the 1970s America has seen an increase in â€Å"party unity† votes in Congress. From 2009 to 2012 party unity votes was around 70%, a clear indication of polarization in Washington.[1] The ideological differences that exist within Congress is also indicative of the attitude of the general public. A majority of people are willing to call themselves Democrats or Republicans. â€Å"Party identification, like other attitudes, affects beliefs as well as opinions.†[2] Party affiliation is a significant tool to predict tendencies of voters, those that associate themselves with the Republican Party tend to vote Republican and those associated with the Democratic Party tend to vote Democrat. Presidential performance ratings are indication of polarization amongst the parties. Republicans tend to give a higher approval rating for Republicans and lower rating f or Democrats, and the opposite is true for Democrats.[3] Elections and politics in America have become more polarized than ever before. The foundation that created a more polarized America can be found in the changes in the media, campaign financing, and the way candidates are elected. The history of news media is one of an evolution of technology, practices, and regulatory environments that transformed the views of America. Years ago, the choices for Americans to get their news were limited to a few TV networks and local newspapers. The government instituted regulations over the broadcast news, such as the equal time provision-which required stations to provide equal access to candidates for office. The long standing FCC policy called the fairness doctrine perhaps was the most impactful in broadcast news. The policy created a condition in which news outlets were not targeting distinct core beliefs. Instead, the policy â€Å"required that stations devote a share of airtime to public affairs programming, and that they do so in a manner that is balanced and equitable.† [4] So essentially, people received the similar information at the same time. In the past the national news was delivered by few weekly papers but technological advances brought a great potentia l market of viewers. The introduction of cable and internet made mass communication easier and cheaper. In 2010, nearly every household in America had access to either: radio, television, and at least one mobile device.[5] Americans enjoy a greater variety of view points, and this abundance of new implies political polarization can occur. Consumers of new media rely on news source they find as reliable and tend to avoid information that contradicts their prior beliefs. Fox news a conservative news outlet has a high believability percentage among Republicans (77% in 2012) and a low believability percentage among Democrats (37% in 2012).[6] Liberal media outlets have a similar ratings, high believability among Democrats and low believability among Republicans. It is safe to assume those with conservative beliefs are more likely to tune into a conservative media outlet and those with liberal views are more likely to tune into a liberal media outlet. These media outlets provide a common narrative on current events, a narrative that is suited for their audience. The audiences in turn are being told what they want to hear. And with the capabilities of the internet, the media outlets are able to target specific audiences and tailor information to reinforce what they already believe. This abundance of new outlets and targeting by the media contributes to political polarization. Modern campaigns for federal office are generally very expensive. Assembling campaign teams, raising funds, hiring consultants and technical specialists are all activities that cost money. There is no way for most candidates to organize and run a competitive campaign without the flow of money. Currently, money spent on major federal campaigns comes from private sources.[7] Money coming in from private sources raises a couple of problems in elections. Money is distributed unequally, so it threatens democratic equality, meaning, someone with more money could have more influence on the outcome. This also raises the concern that elected officials are more willing to serve their contributors than their constituents. This is entirely possible and could lead to elected officials taking more extreme positions on issues in order to please their contributors. For its part the federal government has stepped in to regulate the flow of campaign financing, creating the FEC to enforce law and to co llect and publish detailed information on campaign contributions. A 2010 Supreme Court decision banned all limits on independent spending led to the creation of SuperPACs. SuperPacs are essentially independent committees pushing their own agenda to support a candidate or attack a candidate. Unfortunately, candidates have no control over the SuperPACs and how they spend their money. Nearly $1.3 billion was spent independently on federal campaigns by parties and PACs in 2012.[8] The money generated by the SuperPACS is mostly spent to purchase television adverstising. In 2012, over 3 million political ads aired from January 1 through Election Day.[9] There was a substantial increase in volume and cost of political ads from 2008 to 2012 and a substantial increase in attack ads from 51% of ads aired in 2008 were attack ads to 61% in 2012.[10] At the same time, nonparty independent expenditures in congressional elections grew from $120 million in 2008 to $500 million in 2012.[11] Perhaps there is a correlation between attack ads and raising campaign funds. A campaigns ability to demonize an opponent, which provokes fear and anger among his constituents, is enough to motivate the candidate’s base to donate and turn out to vote. Polarization in Congress is not new. The extent of Congressional polarization depends on many factors, one being Primary Elections. Elections in Primaries differ than those in a general election. In Primary elections candidates tend to shift their positions either to the left or right end of the spectrum. Once they secured their party’s nomination, they shift their position to a more moderate position to attract independent voters. Candidates follow this method of campaigning because Primary constituents are more extreme than those in a general election.[12] Elections in the America preserves American democracy. Allowing citizens to pick their representatives and replace those that under performed. â€Å"The threat of replacement provides elected officials with a powerful incentive to listen to their constituents.†[13] Some voters may punish representatives that make an unpopular vote on issues by replacing him with another representative. This competition in primaries help create polarization within Congress.[14] When faced with competition in the primary election candidates tend to take extreme positions. Republicans candidates that face no competition/opponent had an average primary position .77 and those that encountered an opponent had an average primary position of .85[15], a position further from the center. This is because primary voters care more about a candidate’s positions than the general election voting base. The 2010 Tea Party phenomenon is an example of extreme and engaged primary constituents. The Tea Party movement knocked mainstream conservatives out of the picture, which in turn, hurt the Republican Party in the general election because of their extreme positions. The extremism and activism that exists in primary elections contributes to the political polarization in America. The ideological divide between Republicans and Democrats, Conservatives and Liberals is real. Polarization is not only present in the branches of government but also among the people. The political system that has been created has contributed greatly to the growth of polarization. The foundations can be traced back to the media’s influence over the public, financing of campaigns and the manner in which the public selects representatives. [1] Barry Burden, â€Å"The Polarizing Effects of Congressional Primaries,† in Galderisi et al. (eds.),  CONGRESSIONAL PRIMARIES AND THE POLITICS OF REPRESENTATION (2001). [2] (KJKV).pg.466. [3] (KJKV).Pg. 447 [4] (KJKV).pg. 629 [5] (KJKV).pg. 640 – It is entirely possible that despite having a mobile phone, the device may not be able to surf the Web, which limits the potential information sharing in that household. [6] (KJKV).pg. 638 [7] (KJKV).pg. 508 [8] (KJKV).pg. 511 [9] Erika Franklin Fowler and Travis N. Ridout, â€Å"Negative, Angry, and Ubiquitous: Political Advertising in  2012† [10] Erika Franklin Fowler and Travis N. Ridout, â€Å"Negative, Angry, and Ubiquitous: Political Advertising in 2012† [11] (KJKV).pg. 510 [12] Gary C. Jacobson, â€Å"The Electoral Origins of Polarized Politics: Evidence From the 2010 Cooperative  Congressional Election Study.† American Behavioral Scientist 56(12) 1612–1630. [13] (KJKV)Pg. 521 [14] Barry Burden, â€Å"The Polarizing Effects of Congressional Primaries,† in Galderisi et al. (eds.),  CONGRESSIONAL PRIMARIES AND THE POLITICS OF REPRESENTATION (2001). [15] Barry Burden, â€Å"The Polarizing Effects of Congressional Primaries,† in Galderisi et al. (eds.),  CONGRESSIONAL PRIMARIES AND THE POLITICS OF REPRESENTATION (2001).

The Merchant of Venice

The Merchant of Venice In the play The Merchant of Venice written by William Shakespeare, the character Shylock is a Jewish money lender who lives in a ghetto with his daughter Jessica. He strongly believes in his religion and being a money lender makes him unpopular among the Christian community. He was seen more as a villain to the Elizabethan audience the reason being Jews were thought to be a lower class to the Christians. The Venetian Jews had to live in a ghetto, which would be located outside of the main city with gates that would be locked at the certain time and had to wear an item of clothing to identify that you were a Jew. The modern audiences have more sympathy for the character and Shylock may across as a victim as well as a villain. According to the Collins Pocket Dictionary the definition of villain is a wicked person and a victim is a person or thing harmed or killed. The character of Shylock could be interpreted as both a victim and a villain. As Shylock is a Jew and this would cause him to be treated badly by the Christians. In the Elizabethan times the Venetian Jews were thought of as inferior to the Christians. He is called The Villain Jew and The Dog Jew throughout the play. The Merchant of Venice is about Shylock who is a Jewish money lender. His daughter Jessica runs away with a Christian which is a religion that Shylock deeply despises. Shylock seeks a pound of flesh from Antonio who is unable to pay back the debt from the bond due to his ships being lost in the sea. Due to the law and Antonio being defended and as a result of following the bond through to the end Shylock is forced to give up his religion and money. Shylock comes across as cunning to the audience while deciding whether or not to make the bond between him and Antonio. Three thousand ducats well; for three months, well. The repetition of the word well sounds like he is thinking of a plan and taking advantage of the situation he is in. The man is, notwithstanding, sufficient. Three thousand ducats; I think I may take his bond. By Shylock accepting the bond he comes across as having a plan ready to get revenge on the people that have disgraced him. The way he is speaking sounds like he is plotting an idea in his head to think of a bond that will make the most out of this opportunity. Shylock is again analysing the situation and turning it into a scenario that would greatly benefit him. If I can catch him once upon the hip I can feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. To feed fat means to get the most out of the situation and ancient grudge shows that his hatred is not only personal but has years of history attached. He has been mistreated for many years by the Christians and he is using this bond as a chance to get revenge for all of the hatred he has built up. Shylock is making the most out of the current situation and making sure he can get a chance for revenge. It shows just how far Shylock would go to get revenge and it can come across as if he is living to get revenge on the Christians. Shylock is not charging interest for the bond but instead he insists that he gets a pound of flesh if Antonio is unable to pay the bond back in three months. Let the forfeit be nominated for an equal pound of your fair flesh to be cut off and taken in what part of your body pleaseth me. This shows Shylock is a horrible man who is driven by revenge rather than money. The pleaseth means Shylock is choosing where he is able to cut the flesh from and he is likely to choose part of the flesh which is going to cause the most amount of damage to Antonio. This makes the audience see Shylock as a villain who is driven by revenge and will try to make the punishment as harsh as possible for Antonio. He also states, A pound of mans flesh, taken from a man, is not so profitable as flesh of muttons, beefs or goats. Shylock is admitting that gaining a pound of flesh would not be of much value to him and he would not be able to gain a profit out of it. Shylock is being sly and doing his best to conv ince Antonio that he is not interested in the flesh. Later on in the scene Shylock is referring to the bond as a merry bond which means that this is as a game doing his best to make Antonio accept the bond. To an Elizabethan and modern audience Shylock would come across as a villain trying the take the life of a Christian. He is going to get revenge by any means and using it to fill his desires to pay back what the Christians have been doing to him for the past years. Shylock is also seen as a villain by his own family. His daughter Jessica finds living in the same house as Shylock in which she describes it as, Our house is hell. This is a metaphor comparing her home to hell which shows just how bad he is as a father for his own daughter Jessica to be saying it. Hell can be considered as torture and it shows that she is not getting treated fairly. It is a way of showing extreme unhappiness and a place that she does not find peaceful and enjoyable to be in. Shylock also tells her to keep herself locked up inside the house while he is not at home. Lock up the doors; and when you hear the drum and the vile squealing of the wry-neckd fife, clamber not you up to the casements then, nor thrusts your head into the public street to gaze on Christian fools with varnishd faces. He is encouraging Jessica to be isolated from the world because of what has happened to him. He is not showing any trust or faith in his daughter because he is encouraging her to loc k all the doors and windows stopping her from coming in contact with any Christians. He is showing his hatred for Christians by not wanting her to get close to them and at the same time is also being prejudiced. She is being imprisoned in her own home and at the same time Shylock is controlling what actions she is allowed and not allowed to do. He is being over-protective about the well being of his own daughter. Jessica says that she is ashamed to be related to her own father. Alack, what heinous sin is it in me, to be ashamd to be my fathers child! But although I am a daughter to his blood, I am not to his manners. Jessica is embarrassed to be Shylocks daughter which makes him seem like a villain. He is treating his daughter so poorly to the point that she does not want to be his daughter anymore. To say she is ashamd shows just how humiliated she is by her father and does not want to be associated with him as his family. Jessica also says to Lorenzo, O Lorenzo! If thou keep promise, I shall end this strife; Become a Christian, and thy loving wife. Jessica saying this shows that she is desperate to escape her current life with her father and live an enjoyable life with someone she loves whilst having the freedom to do as she chooses. Jessica saying this can imply that Shylock is treating his daughter cruelly and doing not choosing what is best for her. She wants to live a life without her f ather shows how overbearing it must be for her to be controlled on how to live and what to do every day. She is also willing to change religions and become a Christian. She is desperate to leave the house and will do anything she can to escape, even if it means changing what she has been brought up in for her whole life. Jessica is also uncomfortable and humiliated by Shylocks actions which is shown by her saying, I am daughter to his blood, I am not to his manners is proof that she is ashamed to be his daughter and does not agree with the actions and opinions of her father. The Elizabethan audience would think of Shylock as a cruel character who mistreats his daughter so much that she wants to run away and leave home. When Shylock hears about his daughter running away with a Christian, he seems more concerned about the loss of his money rather than losing his only blood relative. My daughter! O my ducats! O my daughter! Fled with a Christian! O my Christian ducats . To an Elizabethan audience and Contemporary audience Shylock would come across as a villain for caring more about money than his own daughter. Shylock may come across as being money driven as he is more distraught about losing his money than anything else. Shylock will not be made to look weak in front of the Christians and therefore will not listen to Antonio. He is determined to get his revenge and reassure Antonio there will be no mercy for him. Ill not be made a soft and dull-eyed fool, to shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield to Christian intercessors. This is showing his hatred for the Christians once again. Shylock is worried that if he listens to Antonio his mind will soften and he will be persuaded. It will show weakness in the way that he is acting. Shylock cleverly uses the insults he has been given to the Christians to his advantage. He is accusing Antonio of calling him a dog without any reason. Since he was called a dog he has a right to be able to behave like one now that he has a chance to. Thou calldst me a dog before thou hadst a cause, But since I am a dog, beware my fangs. This shows that Shylock is badly treated by Antonio, Christians and shows that there is a strong prejudice against the Jews. Shylock is bei ng cunning by using the Christian insults against them. He is taking the most savage of a dog and saying if he is a dog in every other way, then he has fangs and can be equally as savage. Shylock is obsessed with getting his revenge on Antonio and the Christians and his determination to go through with the bond is shown in the scene of the trial. Instead of taking three times the amount of money offered in the bond Shylock insists to go through with the bond. If every ducat in six thousand ducats were in six parts, and every part a ducat, I would not draw them; I would have my bond. This shows us that Shylock is focused on getting revenge on the Christians. Earlier on in the play he showed that money was more important than his own daughter. Shylock thinks of getting revenge as more important than the money which shows how serious he is with the bond and that he is unlikely to change his mind on going through with what the bond says. He has no mercy turning down that much money and he will have his way no matter what, even if a large amount of money is offered to him. The Elizabethan and a Contemporary audience would find him extremely cruel and a character that has n o feelings for others. Shylock acknowledges the fact that a pound of flesh is worthless and will not have as much value as getting the bond paid back to him with interest. If it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. It goes to show how much Shylock is driven by revenge and the lengths that he will go to get what he desires. Even though money is the most important thing to him, it just shows how much he desires to get revenge on the Christians since he rejected money for a chance of revenge. It just shows how passionate he is about getting his pound of flesh. It will feed my revenge shows us that he is not doing this bond for the money but instead he is going to do to Antonio what he has been receiving for years and that will fulfil his desire to retaliate against the Christians. In the court of justice, Portia asks Shylock whether there are balances ready to weigh the flesh. Shylock has them already prepared to weigh the flesh from Antonio. I have them ready. Shylock having the scales all ready to weigh out the pound of flesh, it shows the thirst he has for getting revenge by coming prepared but can also prove that he has been hoping for this situation to happen as he had planned it. Jessica runs off with a Christian and he has also had his money stolen. I have a father, you a daughter lost. Shylock has lost the only blood relative that he has left. Coming from his daughter must be a shock to him and also a great loss. Shylock is blamed for Jessica running away but she never gets blamed for stealing his money or running away from home. Instead Shylock is blamed again for something that was not necessarily his fault. Shylock considered Jessica to be his daughter and bonded by having the same flesh and blood. I say, my daughter is my flesh and blood. This implies that Shylock had always considered Jessica to be part of his family. By Jessica running away and disowning him as a father, Shylock had lost all his family related to him by blood. Jessica is the only family that Shylock has who is still alive. By her abandoning Shylock it shows there is no one left who he can call family. A modern audience will pity him for losing his only family and being abandoned just for trying to ensure the safety of his daughter. He is also upset when he hears the only belonging which he has left of his wife Leah, a jade ring has been given to a wilderness of monkeys. The audience can see that she has emotions like a regular person and is not necessarily the cruel person we perceive him to be throughout the play. Shylock has no sympathy for Antonio due to the reason he has been treated by him in the past. Shylock is only treating Antonio how he got treated in the past. .He hath disgraced me and whats his reason? I am a Jew. This is further evidence that Shylock is being mistreated for his religion and being hated without people getting to know him first. This makes the modern audience feel sorry for Shylocks character and therefore he can come across as a victim for simply being judged on his religion. Shylock feels that Christian and Jews are equal and are just as important as each other. Hath not a Jew eyes? do we not die?. Shylock is making a speech in act two scene three making a passionate speech declaring that it does not matter if you are Jewish or a Christian people are still the same. You both die and you both have eyes to see. This brings across the message that everyone is the same and that just because you believe in a certain religion does not change your status or how you should be viewed and treated. Shylock is getting his point across to the audience that everyone is equal and therefore should be treated with the same amount of respect. By the end of the speech he changed from a victim to a villain who is determined to get revenge. Why revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instruction. He is showing his true colours and that he will not be easily convinced to spare Antonios life. He is following the example o f the Christians and giving them the same attitude as he was given to them in the past. In the court act four, the Duke is showing sympathy for Antonio by saying I am sorry for thee. Thou art come to answer a stony adversary, an inhuman wretch, incapable of pity, void and empty from any dram of mercy. Shylock can be seen as getting victimised as he has no way to defend himself since he is getting mistreated from when he enters the court. He did not have a chance of getting judged fairly and as a result it would lead to Shylock being seen as the one whom is revenge driven. Since the majority of the people in court are Christians they would side with Antonio making Shylock victimised by being alone and having no one to defend his side of the argument. Shylock is being lowered to the lowest someone who is not human and a person who in unable to feel any emotions. He is unable to feel sympathy for Antonio since he is going to follow his bond through. Shylock is being described as a person who is unable to feel any emotions, and as a result is not feeling any sympathy for An tonio. An Elizabethan Audience will find Shylock a victim as he is refusing to give up on the bond and is willing to follow it through to the end. However a modern audience may have sympathy for Shylock character. He is unable to defend himself against the Dukes words, and is therefore a victim. Antonio punishes Shylock by making him become a Christian and giving half of his fortune to Antonio and the other half to his daughter. He is forced to give up everything that is important to him and which keeps him going in everyday life. Nay, take my life and all; pardon not that: You take my house when you do take the prop that doth sustain my house; you take my life when you do take the means whereby I live. Shylock is devastated by losing his religion and his fortune the two things which he cherishes the most. It shows just how important those things are two him when he is willing to take his life Nay, take my life and all. He is willing to lose his life as a result of losing everything he greatly values in life. You take my house when you do take the prop that doth sustain my house is a sign of how religion and money keep him going in his everyday life. A house is supported by a foundation, and when he says you do take the prop is meaning that the foundation of his life is bei ng taken away from him. He can be seen as being a victim since he is being stripped of everything that is important to him and is being forced to become a Christian even though everyone else knows how much he hates them. Shylock would be hated by the Christians when he becomes ones but at the same time he would not be allowed to be with the Jewish community anymore. As a result, it would lead to him outcast in both of the communities. He would have no friends and therefore be isolated for the rest of his life. In conclusion Shylock can be seen as both a villain and a victim. He is driven by revenge and plots his way when he plans to come up with a way to take out his hatred for the Christians that has build up over the years. On the other hand, Shylock may also come across as being victimised. He is constantly being mistreated because of his religion being called a dog and many other insulting words. As a result of the religion he is not liked by the Christian society and may never been seen as someone who is equal to them. Even though Shylock is viewed as both a victim and a villain he has stronger evidence as coming across as a villain since he seems driven with revenge more than anything.

The Coal Miners in France During the Second Empire Essay -- World Hist

The Coal Miners in France During the Second Empire In this paper I will explain why revolt by the labor against capital in Second Empire France failed. To explain the situation, I will use Marx's theory of capital accumulation as he presents it in {Capital}. Also important in the theoretical description of this phenomena is the role of tradition and the way its restraints deviate from those of the economy in this French society. Based on this description I will discuss how the function of management is enforced by the economy and traditions inherent in a society. From these considerations I will suggest additional elements and relationships necessary for social relations change to transcend the institutional conditions in which they exist. Terminology relevent to a theoretical account of an event is given by Talcott Parsons in {The Structure of Social Action}. Here, action is described as a system that may be divided into unit acts. The unit act consists of four elements. First there is an agent, or actor. Second, the act has an end which is a future state of affairs or goal towards which the action is oriented. Third, there is a situation where the trends of develop- ment differ from the end towards which the action is oriented. The situation is composed of two elements; the conditions are that which the actor cannot manipulate in accordance with his end, and the means are that over which he does not have control. Finally there is a relation between these elements; where a situation allows alterna- tive means to the end, the course is selected from the normative orientation of the actor. (Parsons, 1968: 44) In order to account for the interrelationships in the historical event ... ... change. Events will subsequently no longer happen but attain meaning in the light of the source that the charismatic element advocates. This change in normative orientations relative to the change in other elements of the process must be reflected in the ideology. The ideology of social change may not simply be a reiffication of the old in a reactionary form. The substance of the ideology, in being a response to the divergence caused by the economy and polity, must be such as to transcend that which came before it. This final condition, specifying the relations between elements necessary for revolutionary change, may only be derived in a society which is neither an organic, composite whole nor one of random atomistic ends. Rather, the society must be one where the normative orientation for mediating between conditions and means is one of consensus.

Essay --

Throughout the twenty and into the twenty first century, the world has seen much academic and historical reflection on the subject of the Holocaust. Scholars have avidly debated both the motives of the perpetrators and the inaction of the Jewish race during the Holocaust. Both the offenders and the offended have been criticized in one way or another for s variety of reasons. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen specifically looks at the perpetrators, the Germans, and argues that in fact, the Holocaust could only have taken place in Germany because of the German peoples’ great anti-Semitism. Goldhagen, a smart, cognitive and historically knowledgeable man strives to prove his theory in a three-pronged reasoning trident. He seeks, through his theory, to directly connect a country’s apparent anti-Semitism to the mass murder that directly succeeded it. The initial part of his argument is to look at the Police Battalions and the Einstadtzgruppen, and make the claim that the men committing the mass murder in these military ranks were in fact what Goldhagen calls â€Å"ordinary Germans†. Goldhagen looks specifically at their economic and social backgrounds to make this claim. (Handout; Police Battalion 101: Men’s Deeds) The second part of Goldhagen’s thesis is to equate the â€Å"ordinary Germans† coordinating the death marches to the entire German population: Golhagen takes a focus group and decides that in fact it is a distinct match for the whole population of Germany – something that I will cover later on. The third prong of the t rident is the conclusion in which Goldhagen says that all Germans were in fact, Nazis and bought into Nazi ideals of eugenics and mass murder. Essentially, to wrap up the â€Å"trident of reasoning† metaphor into one simple sentence ... ...explaining evil is just as difficult as preventing it, which is primarily the reason for so much debate on the subject of the Holocaust. Most of Goldhagen’s theories are intelligent, well articulated and backed up with evidence, but this doesn't mean that they are flaw-free. While on the surface his theory of the perpetrators being all ordinary Germans makes simplistic sense, it is slightly flawed. A, it is a generalization to group â€Å"all ordinary Germans† with a specific set of Germans who carried out the mass murder and B, Goldhagen comes to his conclusion and then looks for evidence to support his claim. Usually one finds specific evidence and then after piecing the evidence together one comes to a conclusion based on one’s evidence, not the latter. Regardless, what Goldhagen offers in his thesis is a totally unique look at who was responsible for the Holocaust.

Stone Boy Essay -- essays research papers

Creative Task: The Stone Boy Six years ago, Arnold Curwing accidentally shot his brother with a .22 caliber rifle. He was nine years old at the time. Surrounding this incident, as you would expect, he was under fire by his neighbors and peers from thereon, even though it was an accident. Generally, they all blamed him. Some detested him for not getting in trouble. Some might debate that he got not enough punishment. Others might conclude that the knowledge of living the rest of his life knowing that he killed his brother would be punishment enough. The people that he loved, the people he was closest to blamed him, including his mother and sister blamed him. This is the kind of thing that a person nine years of age does not forget. For this reason I make the following analysis. When he was young, Arnold seemed like a child with no education, except for the knowledge that had been passed down the family –like the need to pick peas before the sun comes up, while they are still cool – pieces of information like this would be all that he needs to get by when (we assume) he inherits the farm from his father. So he would not be very bright by today's standards. Naivety would be a characteristic you would expect from him as well – it seems that in his community, mostly everybody would accept what is given to them and not question it. Uncle Andy for instance immediately believed the sheriffs verdict, be it correct or not, and is later quoted to have s...

Indian Mathematicians Essay

He was born on 22na of December 1887 in a small village of Tanjore district, Madras. He failed in English in Intermediate, so his formal studies were stopped but his self-study of mathematics continued. He sent a set of 120 theorems to Professor Hardy of Cambridge. As a result he invited Ramanujan to England. Ramanujan showed that any big number can be written as sum of not more than four prime numbers. He showed that how to divide the number into two or more squares or cubes. When Mr .Litlewood came to see Ramanujan in taxi number 1729, Ramanujan said that 1729 is the smallest number which can be written in the form of sum of cubes of two numbers in two ways, i.e. 1729 = 93 + 103 = 13 + 123 since then the number 1729 is called Ramanujan’s number. In the third century B.C, Archimedes noted that the ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter is constant. The ratio is now called ‘pi ( ÃŽ   )’ (the 16th letter in the Greek alphabet series) The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 1053 with specific names as early as 5000 B.C. during the Vedic period. Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar was an Indian Mathematician who was born in Erode, India in 1887 on December 22. He was born into a family that was not very well to do. He went to school at the nearby place, Kumbakonam. Ramanujan is very well known for his efforts on continued fractions and series of hypergeometry. When Ramanujan was thirteen, he could work out Loney’s Trigonometry exercises without any help. At the of fourteen, he was able to acquire the theorems of cosine and sine given by L. Euler. Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics by George Shoobridge Carr was reached by him in 1903. The book helped him a lot and opened new dimensions to him were opened which helped him introduce about 6,165 theorems for himself. As he had no proper and good books in his reach, he had to figure out on his own the solutions for all the questions. It was in this quest that he discovered many tremendous methods and new algebraic series ARYABHATA Aryabhatta was born in 476A.D in Kusumpur, India. He was the first person to say that Earth is spherical and it revolves around the sun. He gave the formula (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab He taught the method of solving the following problems: Aryabhata wrote many mathematical and astronomical treatises. His chief work was the ‘Ayrabhatiya’ which was a compilation of mathematics and astronomy. The name of this treatise was not given to it by Aryabhata but by later commentators. A disciple by him called the ‘Bhaskara’ names it ‘Ashmakatanra’ meaning ‘treatise from the Ashmaka’. This treatise is also referred to as ‘Ayra-shatas-ashta’ which translates to ‘Aryabhata’s 108’. This is a very literal name because the treatise did in fact consist of 108 verses. It covers several branches of mathematics such as algebra, arithmetic, plane and spherical trigonometry. Also included in it are theories on continued fractions, sum of power series, sine tables and quadratic equations. Aryabhata worked on the place value system using letters to signify numbers and stating qualities. He also came up with an approximation of pi ( ) and area of a triangle. He introduced the concept of sine in his work called ‘Ardha-jya’ which is translated as ‘half-chord’. SHAKUNTALA DEVI She was born in 1939 In 1980, she gave the product of two, thirteen digit numbers within 28 seconds, many countries have invited her to demonstrate her extraordinary talent. In Dallas she competed with a computer to see who give the cube root of 188138517 faster, she won. At university of USA she was asked to give the 23rd root of 91674867692003915809866092758538016248310668014430862240712651642793465704086709659 32792057674808067900227830163549248523803357453169351119035965775473400756818688305 620821016129132845564895780158806771. She answered in 50seconds. The answer is 546372891. It took a UNIVAC 1108 computer, full one minute (10 seconds more) to confirm that she was right after it was fed with 13000 instructions. BHASKARACHARYA He was born in a village of Mysore district. He was the first to give that any number divided by 0 gives infinity (00). He has written a lot about zero, surds, permutation and combination. He wrote,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The hundredth part of the circumference of a circle seems to be straight. Our earth is a big sphere and that’s why it appears to be flat.† He gave the formulae like sin(A  ± B) = sinA.cosB  ± cosA.sinB Niels Henrik Abel born August 5, 1802, island of Finnà ¸y, near Stavanger, Norway—died April 6, 1829, Froland), Norwegian mathematician, a pioneer in the development of several branches of modern mathematics. Abel’s father was a poor Lutheran minister who moved his family to the parish of Gjerstad, near the town of Risà ¸r in southeast Norway, soon after Niels Henrik was born. In 1815 Niels entered the cathedral school in Oslo, where his mathematical talent was recognized in 1817 with the arrival of a new mathematics teacher, Bernt Michael Holmboe, who introduced him to the classics in mathematical literature and proposed original problems for him to solve. Abel studied the mathematical works of the 17th-century Englishman Sir Isaac Newton, the 18th-century German Leonhard Euler, and his contemporaries the Frenchman Joseph-Louis Lagrange and the German Carl Friedrich Gauss in preparation for his own research. Abel’s father died in 1820, leaving the family in straitened circumstances, but Holmboe contributed and raised funds that enabled Abel to enter the University of Christiania (Oslo) in 1821. Abel obtained a preliminary degree from the university in 1822 and continued his studies independently with further subsidies obtained by Holmboe. Abel’s first papers, published in 1823, were on functional equations and integrals; he was the first person to formulate and solve an integral equation. His friends urged the Norwegian government to grant him a fellowship for study in Germany and France. In 1824, while waiting for a royal decree to be issued, he published at his own expense his proof of the impossibility of solving algebraically the general equation of the fifth degree, which he hoped would bring him recognition. He sent the pamphlet to Gauss, who dismissed it, failing to recognize that the famous problem had indeed been settled. Abel spent the winter of 1825–26 with Norwegian friends in Berlin, where he met August Leopold Crelle, civil engineer and self-taught enthusiast of mathematics, who became his close friend and mentor. With Abel’s warm encouragement, Crelle founded the Journal fà ¼r die reine und angewandte Mathematik (â€Å"Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics†), commonly known as Crelle’s Journal. The first volume (1826) contains papers by Abel,  including a more elaborate version of his work on the quintic equation. Other papers dealt with equation theory, calculus, and theoretical mechanics. Later volumes presented Abel’s theory of elliptic functions, which are complex functions (see complex number) that generalize the usual trigonometric functions. In 1826 Abel went to Paris, then the world centre for mathematics, where he called on the f oremost mathematicians and completed a major paper on the theory of integrals of algebraic functions. His central result, known as Abel’s theorem, is the basis for the later theory of Abelian integrals and Abelian functions, a generalization of elliptic function theory to functions of several variables. However, Abel’s visit to Paris was unsuccessful in securing him an appointment, and the memoir he submitted to the French Academy of Sciences was lost. Abel returned to Norway heavily in debt and suffering from tuberculosis. He subsisted by tutoring, supplemented by a small grant from the University of Christiania and, beginning in 1828, by a temporary teaching position. His poverty and ill health did not decrease his production; he wrote a great number of papers during this period, principally on equation theory and elliptic functions. Among them are the theory of polynomial equations with Abelian groups. He rapidly developed the theory of elliptic functions in competition with the German Carl Gustav Jacobi. By this time Abel’s fame had spread to all mathematical centres, and strong efforts were made to secure a suitable position for him by a group from the French Academy, who addressed King Bernadotte of Norway-Sweden; Crelle also worked to secure a professorship for him in Berlin. In the fall of 1828 Abel became seriously ill, and his condition deteriorated on a sled trip at Christmastime to visit his fiancà ©e at Froland, where he died. The French Academy published his memoir in 1841.

Why factories are not located in Inner-city areas any more?

During 1951 to 1991 there was an obvious economic decline in industries, which were based in the inner-city areas. Inner-city areas experienced a massive decline in industry during this time. All of the following resulted in the closure of factories, offices and shops: Industries were expanding at such a rate that they were taking up all the room in the inner-city areas. As we already know there is limited room in the inner city, and it would have been impossibility for the industries to expand any more. If they did expand, it would mean that they were expanding into residential areas, which is another impossibility. Once the factories had reached their full capacity in the areas they were situated, they were forced to move. This is a lack of expansion space. Buildings/factories often became out of date. New technologies had been introduced into the industries, and the basically the old factories were unsuited to the modern techniques. Often the buildings became derelict, and too bad to repair. The new factories were bigger and better, and could not expand in the inner city therefore they moved into the suburban areas. As the new companies looked for places to expand into, they tended to avoid the inner city. The infrastructure was poor. The roads were too small to accommodate all the large vehicles. People living in the inner city tend to park their cars on the side of the road therefore causing a blockage, or narrow roads. As the factories closed and moved, so did the majority of the population. As a result shops and restaurants suffered, and struggle to find business.

How to Treat Depression Without Medication Essay

While it takes more than a simple â€Å"lifestyle change† to effectively attack a medical issue such as depression, it is not more medication that this Country needs more of, but rather a greater awareness, better mental health education and greater access to therapy for those suffering from this condition. Depression is as much an organic, physiological issue as a broken bone or heart problem but because it cannot be â€Å"seen† it is often ignored, dismissed, mistreated or over-medicated by the vast majority of healthcare providers. Today’s HMO driven, medication dependent society tends to throw pharmaceutical â€Å"band-aids† at the problem of depression. A more holistic, therapeutic approach, ideally involving the family/support system of the patient would, in the long run, be both a more effect and lasting treatment for the patient and more cost effective as well. While depression can, in fact, be helped by the use of proper medications, any long-term treatment must include counseling/therapy and significant and lasting lifestyle changes. Depression is, in fact, the catalyst that has lead me to pursue my current academic and professional dream to become a Psychologist. It is also something that I have a great deal of personal experience with, both as a parent of a clinically depressed teenager and as a woman living with a depressive disorder myself. In my own personal experience, the majority of doctors tend to â€Å"throw medication† at the issue of depression, when in fact, for many patients, therapeutic counseling and psychotherapy is often all that is needed. This tendency to medicate first and counsel second, especially in teens, can be irreparably damaging. Psychological medications, by their very nature, effect brain chemistry and can have huge negative side effects: suicidal tendencies, physical aggression, dramatic weight gain (which can have psychological and other medical side effects of its own), to name a few. These side effects can often times be even more emotionally damaging and dangerous to the patient than the depression itself. In 1998, after years of struggling, I was diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. My own personal struggle with depression has also involved quite a few medications, with varying successes and varying degrees of side-effects. While searching for an effective treatment for me, my doctors prescribed any number of SSRIs, Beta Blockers and other commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of depressive disorders. I fought with sexual side effects, weight gain, crippling panic attacks, suicidal thoughts and more. In the end, I chose to wean myself from the medication and focus on therapy and the necessary lifestyle changes that go along with it. It is still a daily struggle and a choice to be happy and fight the â€Å"demons† that haunt me, but with the help of God, my family and my therapist, I am happier and more â€Å"well-adjusted† than ever before in my life. In a developing brain, like that of a depressed adolescent, these potentially hazardous side effects can be even more detrimental. In 2006, My then 14 year old daughter, when faced with depression due to her parents’ divorce and adjustment to life as an â€Å"Army Brat,â€Å" was put on Prozac by her Family Practice Physician. Within 30 days she had to be hospitalized and detoxified after suffering a psychotic episode at school and weeks of suicidal and homicidal thoughts. After a year of numerous diagnoses, multitudes of different psychological medications and weight gain of almost 80 pounds, she was no more emotionally stable than she was when she had begun the treatment. With the assistance of a new Psychiatrist and Primary Care Physician, we weaned her off all of the psychological medications and instead enrolled her in bi-weekly, one-on-one counseling with a Psychologist. It took her almost 3 years to undo the damage the experience with the hospital and medication trials had inflicted on her. She is finally doing well, is stable and uses counseling, meditation, breathing techniques and a number of other therapeutic tools to deal with the stresses of life, rather than continuing to be medication-dependent and suffering the side effects of those medications.

Predestination: Christianity and Romans

Predestination is one of the most widely debated topics in the Christian world among many denominations today. There are many differing views and it is a harder topic to explain and understand. Often this topic is argued by twisting or taking the bible out of context. On the other hand many people truly don’t understand predestination and what it means or what it is. Others don’t want to understand predestination because of their fear that it might be truth. This paper will be outlining predestination and Calvinism by explaining this view as well as taking a deeper look into how Romans & Galatians fits into this view.Predestination has been defined in many ways by the many different denominations. Predestination is ultimately defined in our final destination is decided by God before we were even born. God decides if we are to be saved or not. He has foreordained all things that have come to pass and will continue into the future. It is the act that God chooses those who m he wants to be saved and the rest are left for eternal punishment in hell. This is not because God is unloving but because he is just and righteous. In the end the goal and duty as Christians are to bring glory to God and to evangelize as many as possible.Our concentration should be on Christ. Predestination is divided into two parts: election and reprobation. Election is unconditional and absolute; it is God’s election of man to salvation, not because of man’s works or merit. Election and reprobation have their basis in the good pleasure of God. Reprobation is defined as preterition and condemnation. Preterition is the passing over of some in the decree of election. God owes man nothing but judgment shown in Matt 20:15. God chooses whom he wants and man cannot justly argue against God for passing over him in election, which is God’s choice of condemnation.God’s choice of saving people is the same as God’s choice of the condemnation of others. Co ndemnation is an act of God as a sovereign judge. This condemnation comes from sin, which also damns man to hell. In order for God to be righteous and glorified those who are in sin should be punished. Everything is done for the glory of God 2 Tim 1:9, Heb. 2:10. The fact that some are elected and others are not is explained through God’s glory and sovereignty. Anything that God does is for his glory and this is best demonstrated through his decrees. The decrees of God are his eternal purpose according to the council of His will, where by for His own glory, He hath foreordained what so ever comes to pass† (Shorter Catechism #8). God’s decrees are free, sovereign, absolute, and efficacious. God’s decrees are free in that he moves by his own good pleasure. God’s decrees are sovereign because nothing occurs outside of God’s control or knowledge. God is a God who reigns and is in control and not limited in any way. God’s decrees are absolu te because they are not dependent upon any conditions that are not themselves determined by divine decree.God’s decrees are efficacious in that they infallibly determine the certainty of the future events decreed. These decrees are for God’s glory alone and not all ways for the good of the creature. God’s decrees relate to all events and comprehend all things in heaven and in earth. Therefore His providence is determined through his decrees. Though God’s providence he preserves and directs all his creatures. In the view of predestination God cares especially for his elect. In predestination the more debated topic is that of man’s free will. This free will is the choice that man has to choose God or choose to let the Holy Spirit work.This free will can be defined as freedom of indeterminacy or uncertainty, freedom of self-determination, and the power to contrary choice. Self-determination is directing ones self from the inside with no direction from the outside. The argument against predestination determines that a sinner freely chooses God or rejects Christ. The question of will is not whether man wills or even has a will, but whether God determines their will for good. Likewise the question is not whether a man chooses; but whether his choice has a cause or reason.This choice or lack there of is shown through the fact that man is a slave to sin John 8:34. As a slave to sin can man truly choose that which is good? One example of this is in the truth that God cannot lie. It is against his nature. God does not want to lie, so he cannot lie through his own free will Titus 1:2. Some verses talking about the will of man include John 6:65 which states, â€Å"no one can come to me unless it has been granted to him by the father. † In John 17:12 Jesus says that he has kept all those whom God has given him. According to John 6 man in his free will cannot believe because it is not in his heart to do so.Predestination suggests th at if man can choose God by the free will of his corrupt and perverse heart, it gives him more liberty and power than God himself. There is a barrier that every man cannot over come. That is the barrier of sin. It is not that he doesn’t want to choose God, although that is involved, it is that he cannot come to God, because he does not have the spiritual capacity to change his own heart and deny his own nature. Man always chooses sin and that which is corrupt unless he has a changed heart. Man is full of corruption.Therefore, man’s free will gives man nothing and is not the source of his salvation. The issue comes up that God is not fair and that he is not loving. If God were just and fair all humans would be in hell suffering eternal damnation. Mat 22:14 suggests that many are called but few are chosen. Here is al list of verses supporting predestination: John 8:6-7; Rom 11:5-7; John 6:12, 37-39, 44, 46, 65; John 15:16; John 3:5-7, 19-20; John 15:16-19; 2 Cor 5:14-17; 2 Tim 1:9; Matt. 20:16; John 8:34; Romans 8:6-7; and 2 Tim 2:26. Predestination came about through the works of Calvin, which later was named Calvinism.This view has give major points known in the word Tulip which is total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints. Romans & Galatians include many verses on the subject of Calvinism and many of this view use Romans as one of the most powerful books toward their argument. The first point total depravity is strongly upheld in Romans. This is the total inability of man. Man’s nature is corrupt, perverse, and sinful throughout. The word â€Å"total† in this point refers to the whole man and being are depraved.Man’s nature is sinful because of the sin that Adam committed in the very beginning. We are dead in sin. Man is utterly depraved and cannot come to God on his own accord. This is what Paul was trying to portray to the Romans. Chapter 3 best demonstra tes this truth about man’s state in this world. The first verse in Romans that points to mans sinful nature and inability to accept God is in Rom 1:20 which states, â€Å"For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world in the things that have been made.So they are without excuse. † This verse emphasizes that God has given man enough knowledge about himself through this world and nature to condemn man. This shows that evangelism doesn’t even have to be present for man to be condemned. Humanity was condemned the day it was born. Man is depraved from the heart and cannot come to God unless the Holy Spirit calls him and changes his heart. Chapter 1 also demonstrates the vileness and depravity of the people in Rome.Verses 24-25 say, â€Å"Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to the dishonoring of their bodies among themselves, because they exc hanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. † Paul continues this same topic into chapter 2 and 3 of Romans. Verse 6 of chapter 2 says, â€Å"He will render to each one according to his works. † God punishes those whom he wants because He is a just God. This same judgment is taken through verses 12-29. Paul then continues in chapter 3 preaching on the inability of man.This chapter is the strongest support of this point of Calvinism. Verse 9 begins to show that Jews are no better than any other human being. Paul was preaching directly to the Jews telling them that no one is righteous, not even one vs. 10. He continues in vs. 11-12 â€Å"no one understands; no one seeks for God. All have turned aside; together they have become worthless; no one does good, not even one. † There are none righteous in the whole world. The second point of Calvinism is the unconditional election of man. God chooses certain individuals from fallen sinners to receive grace and salvation.God could have saved all men from condemnation or he could have chosen to save none but by his grace he has chosen those whom he wants. This choice was not because of man’s works but instead by the mercy and will of God 1 Thes. 5:9, Eph. 1:5. This point is also shown through Galatians revealing that our salvation is through grace not of works lest any one should boast. In Romans 1 also shows that God passes over some and chooses others. Verse 6 calls the elect the chosen ones of Christ. He chose to give over these Roman sinners to the desires of their heart in order that they may receive their due punishment.God also darkens the hearts of those he chooses. Romans 8:28-30 states, â€Å"And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose. For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the first-born among many brothers. And those whom he predestined he also called, and those whom he called he also justified, and those whom he justified he also glorified. † This verse most specifically talks about predestination because it mentions the word as well as how God works in the process of salvation.In these verses we see that God does predestine mankind to be saved or for condemnation. Those he chose he also called. Later in vs. 33 Paul directly references Gods elect. The strongest passage for unconditional election is Romans 9 speaking on the subject of God’s sovereign choice. Paul was taking examples from the Old Testament. Paul calls the elect as the children of promise in vs. 8. God chooses not because of what man did but because of hi own will. Verse 10-24 talks about God’s purpose in election. He chose man before he was even born having done nothing bad or good vs. 1. Verse 13 states that â€Å"Jacob have I loved, but E sau I have hated†. This shows the will and sovereignty of God. Paul continues to emphasize that God is fair and he does what he chooses with whom he chooses. Many suggest that God is not fair and that God is showing favoritism when he chooses some and not others but God himself says in vs. 15 â€Å"I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion. † Romans continues to show that as creator God can do whatever he wants with his creation and creatures.God uses us for specific purposes in this life and we are all apart of God’s plan. It is hard to understand God’s decision to create creatures just for condemnation but this is reality. Romans 9:22 states, â€Å"What if God, desiring to show his wrath and to make known his power, has endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction. † In the end man chooses sin and can only choose sin. Whether or not predestination is true, man goes to hell because of his decision. Some other verses regarding the election are found in Romans 11:5, 7, and 28.The third point in Calvinism is particular redemption known more commonly as limited atonement. This is explained through the work of Christ on the Cross. Christ only atoned for those whom God chose to be saved by grace. Therefore Christ didn’t die for the whole world but instead died for those who were called (the elect). Romans 8:30 also demonstrates this point. Christ’s power on the Cross was eternal. Therefore with this kind of power Christ had to only died for those who God chose and believed in Him because if Christ had redeemed the whole world then the whole world would be blameless before God and saved.If Christ had died for the world then he would have died for those who have already gone to hell. This limits Christ’s power and ultimately makes Christ’s role in this world for sinners meaningless. The fourth point of Calvinism is the efficacious c all of the Holy Spirit also known as irresistible grace. The Holy Spirit uses the gospel to call people to himself and God. He calls the elect from the inside and places a desire for God in their hearts. This call of the Holy Spirit is irresistible meaning that man cannot resist the power of the Holy Spirit.Those who were called by the Spirit were saved by Christ on the Cross and justified in the sight of God. The Holy Spirit is also powerful and his calling is irresistible. Whenever the bible speaks of the calling of God this is reference to the calling of the Holy Spirit. Galatians 1:15-16 states, â€Å"But when he who called me by his grace, was pleased to reveal his Son to me, in order that I might preach him among the Gentiles, I did not immediately consult with anyone. † Paul constantly suggests that we are called by his Grace.The fifth and final point of Calvinism is the perseverance of the saints. This is the security that believers have in Christ to never fall away f rom the hand and hold of Christ. All believers are eternally secure in Him. No one or nothing can separate God from His elected. We are saints in Gods sight. Romans 8:38-39 proves this point which states, â€Å"For I am sure that neither death nor life, nor angels nor rulers, nor things present nor things to come, nor powers, nor height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord. This shows that nothing can be taken away from God’s hands or snatched out of His fingers. Christ is powerful and Satan can do nothing against the power of God. This verse specifically names many things and some powerful things but nothing can take believers away from Christ. Believers cannot loose their salvation. If believers could loose their salvation then God is limited and the devil is more powerful than God. This would also negate Jesus and his role on earth. Paul speaks of the righteousness of believers in Christ in Galatians 3.Paul begins to talk about being in the spirit or having salvation and suggesting to them that they are foolish because they are in sin and their fleshly desires are dominating. Paul continues to talk about the promise given to Abraham, which is eternal life. This covenant and promise that believers have in Christ is eternal and not moving or changing. This shows that believers cannot loose their salvation but instead they were not saved in the beginning or they are struggling with their sin. Predestination is clear to some but not to others many also use verses in Romans and Galatians that point away from Calvinism.Romans 5:18-19 states, â€Å"Therefore, as one trespass led to condemnation for all men, so one act of righteousness leads to justification and life for all men. For as by the ones man’s disobedience the many were made sinners, so by the one man’s obedience the many will be made righteous. † This verse shows that condemnation is for all m en, which is direct and true but then Paul says that Christ’s act on the cross leads to justification and life for all men. If this were true then all men would be saved. Therefore, Paul here is talking about all believers.Romans 10:13-14,17 also states, â€Å"For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. But how are they to call on him whom they have not believed? And how are they to believe in him whom they have never heard? And how are they to hear without someone preaching? So faith comes form hearing, and hearing from the word of Christ. † This verse also shows that those who call on Christ are saved. Many take this verse to mean that humans have a choice to call on God while they are in sin and that this leaves no grounds for unconditional election.Man cannot call unto God unless the Holy Spirit has worked in their hearts so that they no longer are subject to the power of sin and the blindness that comes from sin. Predestination is a powerful view and is debated among many but the most important fact about the Christian life is not the small things of doctrine but instead the Christian duty to go out into the world and preach the Gospel to the nations. Christians are called to serve Christ and build up one another not argue about doctrine. Christ is the most important part of being a Christian and that fact many times is overlooked.

Painting and sculpture gallery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Painting and sculpture gallery - Essay Example The extent of the material elasticity greatly determines its stability under such a load. Continuous increase in the load applied to a structural element lead to an increased deformation. There is a limit reached where the material loses it elastic nature. This limit is refereed to as the elastic limit. Further stretching of the structural member beyond this limit results to permanent deformation of the material. Beyond the point of elasticity, hooks law ceases to apply, the material behaves in a plastic manner, plastic material do not return to their original shape after the load has been removed. At yield point the material may collapse. It is upon the structural engineer to perform comprehensive calculation of the loads applied to a building and come up with a suitable structure to resist the calculated load. There are two types of loads. There is the live and dead load. Structural elements are also subjected to compressive loads. This causes a decrease in the original size of these elements and a consequent increase in the cross-sectional area of the element. A compressive force in a building affects structural elements such as columns, struts and beams. Excessive compressive forces results to the buckling of these structural materials. The designer must calculate these compressive load and select materials that can withstand buckling.Creep is another structural effect that affects materials used in building and construction; udder creep the material is slowly and progressively deformed. This mainly occurs when structural members are subjected to high temperatures, continuous vibration from heavy machines and repeated cyclic stress. Creep leads to the gradual sagging of ties and beams and the loosening of bolts use... Tension, which is the degree of material deformation due to the material being subjected to a pulling force results changes in shape of the ties that are used during the construction of trusses, the tension should be accurately calculated to ensure that the deformation on the structural members does not exceed the yield point.Structural elements are subjected to compressive loads. This causes a decrease in the original size of these elements and a consequent increase in the cross-sectional area of the element. A compressive force in a building affects structural elements such as columns, struts and beams. Excessive compressive forces results to the buckling of these structural materials. The designer must calculate these compressive load and select materials that can withstand buckling. Creep is another structural effect that affects materials used in building and construction; udder creep the material is slowly and progressively deformed. This mainly occurs when structural members a re subjected to high temperatures, continuous vibration from heavy machines and repeated cyclic stress. Creep leads to the gradual sagging of ties and beams and the loosening of bolts use to join the structural elements. The designer has therefore to take into account such unnoticeable changes that may lead to rapture of the material. Creep lead to material fracture. The progressive fracture of material leads to fatigue and finally the material fails.