A Little Bit of Stress Is Useful

â€Å"A little bit of stress is useful – it keeps people in their toes. † Discuss. In order to answer this question one must first define the various elements in the question. Stress can be defined as ‘The harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the worker’ . One can define useful, as stress making a person happy, productive and efficient. Also in terms of an organisation making it successful, efficient and effective. You should use more industrial words here eg producing more units Millions of people suffer from stress on a daily basis. Stress can affect a person’s physical health such as increased heart rate and rise in blood pressure, and can affect a person mentally such as depression. This in turn for organisations can be devastating and potentially detrimental, as this can lead to poor industrial relations and high absenteeism, ‘IHC estimates that 13. 4 million working days a year are lost to stress’. On the face of it this would suggest that stress is indeed a bad thing. Indeed a study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that those participants who experienced chronic high stress on the job had a considerably greater chance of suffering another heart attack than did those in less stressful jobs. Furthermore there were many cases in world war one of sudden deaths to soldiers who had not endured any wounds, these men probably died of shock when responding to stress. In 1967 Holmes and Rahe carried out a study now called the stress scale where they looked at 5,000 medical patients’ medical records as a way to determine specifically which stressful events caused illnesses, in hierarchical order from the most stressful events to the least. Death of a spouse topped the list followed by, divorce, martial separation and a jail sentence. All these events are intrinsically negative and as such it would be easy to conclude that stress is bad for anyone as it is caused by bad events. However Hooshmand conversely states that ‘stress is just another misunderstood term in the medical practice’ he goes on to say that ‘the phrase any stress is bad (is) nothing further from the truth’. Indeed Lazarus mentions how ‘Hans Selyve suggested two types (of stress) distress and eustress. Distress is the destructive stress illustrated by anger and aggression and it is said to damage health. Eustress is the constructive type, illustrated by emotions associated with emphatic concerns for others†¦ ompatible with or protective of good health’ This is significant, according to Selyve and Lazarus there is, as mentioned above, a ‘distress’ type of stress which is bad- this is where there is too much stress. For example if a manager were to give a deadline which was impossible this may over stimulate and de motivate an employee causing them to do no work. But also mentioned is a ‘eustress’ type of stress which can be seen as ‘useful’ and healthy ‘keeping people on their toes’. This would be where there are small amounts of stress for example if a manager was to set a strict but reasonable deadline it may push the employee on to work harder, stimulating an increasing the employees energy levels to meet the challenge . This shall be mentioned in more detail later on in the essay. Although Lazarus goes on to mention that this hypothesis ‘has not been adequately supported†¦. by empirical research’ there is other evidence to support this claim of eustress. In 1908 Robert M. Yerkes and J. D. Dodson created an experiential relationship between performance and pressure, now known as ‘Yerkes-Dodson Law ’. The law shows that performance actually increases with pressure i. e. stress: the eustress that Selyve went on about, but only up to a point. When levels of pressure become too high, performance decreases, this is known as distress. The process is illustrated graphically as a rounded, inverted U-shaped curve which increases and then decreases with higher levels of pressure. Clearly according to this law one wants to reach the optimum stress levels which is small amounts of stress to keep one on its toes but not too much as this could lead to depression and potentially heart problems. It is now important to look at specifically how eustress can help and be healthy for you. From ‘Yerkes-Dodson Law’ it would not be unreasonable to suggest that eustress is basically stress in small, not large amounts. Leitnerpg states that ‘according to Allen 1983 eustress represents challenge and stimulation for healthy growth and development’ this would suggest that eustress stress gives you the competitive edge roviding you with focus and determination. There are many examples above of stressors likely to produce distress such as divorce but Leitner mentions stressors which produce eustress such as ‘roller coasters and skiing’ It is important to note that people are actually paying for these stressors, thus they can be considered us eful stresses. Some people even thrive on the excitement of stresses this can be best shown in adrenaline junkies, as they seek activities that increase their hormone adrenaline production. Examples of these stress seekers include racing car drivers, politicians and bungee jumpers. It is well known that many employees will leave there work to the last minute they need the stress and adrenaline to get their work done, if there is no stress it is probable this work would never be done. Indeed it is possible to have stressors which can cause both eustress and distress such as exercise, which can be considered a eustress, but when overdone can lead to injuries and illness. Selye points out that ‘whether an activity produces eustress or distress depends on the participant’s perception of the activity’ this can be supported by a quote from Shakespeare ‘things are neither good nor bad, but thinking makes them so’ . Indeed everyone is different when dealing with stress whether stress is good or bad for someone depends on that person. This can be supported by Type A and B personality theory created in the 1950’s . This puts people into two groups . Type A people are according to Friedman, M. & Rosenman ‘impatient, excessively time-conscious, insecure about their status, highly competitive, hostile aggressive, and incapable of relaxation’ . They established a link between type A people and coronary heart disease after analysing data from thousands of people who had beforehand been placed into either type A or Type B group. Whilst type B people are almost the opposite of type A people, relaxed in nature with no sense of time urgency and less easily stressed. Quote The above evidence would suggest that the amount of stress does not matter to a great extent but what does is the type of person as, according to this theory there are two types of people, type A personalities will deal worse with stress than type B personalities. It would not be unreasonable to suggest that a small amount of stress for type B personalities maybe good for that person ensuring they are focused and have more of a sense of time urgency, however the same amount of stress mposed on a type A personality could caused aggravation, anxiety and maybe even heart problems. Indeed some employers will look for employees who not only can naturally deal with stress but actually thrive on it. An example of this can be given of Alan Sugar who makes it clear in the program the apprentice that he is looking for people who can deal with stressful situations by testing them as part of the recruitment process . An essential part of the recruitment procedure is to be able to keep your nerve and defend yourself in the public forum of the board room, an artificially created stressful environment. In this day and age there is bound to be stress due to the nature of work and the fast moving environment around us, it is how we deal with this stress which can determine whether this stress is useful or not. ‘Yerkes-Dodson Law’ dictates that if there is too much stress this can reduce the performance of the individual, thus it is sometimes important for the individual to be able to reduce this stress in order to produce optimal performance. Indeed Ward states that ‘in learning to manage stress effectively you may come to believe that the experiences of stressful periods may become beneficial to you. There are many different ways of dealing with stress and how well you deal with stress will determine how it affects you. A person can exercise to help reduce stress, ‘exercise creates a sense of confidence and control, which reduces stress’ this does not mean just occasional exercise but exercise on a daily basis if possible. Exercise also directly leads to relaxation of the body which can help reduce stress. Having the required sleeping hours is also vital, this will refresh yourself making you feel better the next morning and ready for work. If one does not have the required sleeping hours necessary it can lead to tiredness which can lead directly to stress. So far mainly people and employees have been looked upon, it is important to look at how organisations as a whole deal with stress and if they find it useful or not. Organisations are becoming more and more aware of the importance of stress and its impact on employees. Ward mentions some ways in which companies are taking action to combat stress ‘more are referring employees for health and fitness tests. Others are running stress management courses and providing stress counselling for employees’ . In view of this one can clearly see how important stress is in organisations. Some company’s thrive on stress these mainly seem to be financial orientated organisations. Who are and need to be extremely competitive with other similar organisations, this stress pushes the organisation on to its limits increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the company. It is not uncommon nowadays for organisations to deliberately impose stress on employees; this can be done by paying employees with high commissions, meaning they are not guaranteed money at all. Some employees actually enjoy this stress, they enjoy the challenge and the buzz. Indeed this can be directly linked to job satisfaction. Other organisations in the health field such as hospitals try to reduce stress, as they feel any stress imposed on patients could be dangerous, one of the things they do to reduce stress is painting the hospital walls green as it is proven that green is a low stress colour can decrease stress. Clearly in the health field stress is deemed as bad but maybe in the financial field stress is seen as useful pushing on the company to success. Thus the usefulness of stress depends upon which type of organisation it’s for. Obviously though too much stress in a financial organisation can cause absenteeism which will ultimately lose the company money. To conclude with regards to organisations as a whole, it just depends on the type of organisation to how useful stress is. In terms of individuals, small amounts of stress which Selye describes as eustress can help keep people on their toes, keeping them focused and acting as a stimulant, pushing them on to work. However it can completely depend on the person. A Type A person may not be able to take that stress and instead of ‘keeping them on their toes’ may cause panic and anxiety. Nonetheless, in saying this, as Yerkes-Dodson law dictates some stress is needed to achieve optimum performance and give people a challenge, which increases job satisfaction. Thus it would be accurate to conclude that ‘a little bit of stress is useful – it keeps people on their toes’. You would improve the structure if you cross reference more eg when you are talking about how stress needs to be in the right quantity, it might be helpful if you mention that later on you will be talking about how stress an be controlled. If you need to add any more – you could talk further about the work life balance – ie however stressful the job – outside activities are essential A further element you could talk about – when discussing different personalities – is that what is stressful for some is not for oth ers. A good example might be of mothers who stay at home and look after children – for some this is v stressful and for others it is an ideal environment. You could also add an international dimension eg in France there is huge job security and longer holidays (I think) in America holidays are short and there is v little job security

Analysis Of Hydrocarbon Essay

Abstract In the analysis the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for the identification of volatile compounds (hydrocarbon) in fuel. The samples was used is (kerosene, diesel, thinner and petrol) and one unknown. After the analyte was extracted by SPME in 20min, it directly injected to the GCMS with desorption time 80sec.After the analysis was done, the result was stated at table 4.1, the unknown was identified as a petrol because the hydrocarbon presence in the unknown is the same with the hydrocarbon compound in the petrol sample. Aromatic hydrocarbon was presence in both sample petrol and unknown. Alkanes hydrocarbon was presence in other sample. Objective The objectives of this experiment are to perform sample preparation by SPME and to identify the components of hydrocarbon in common fuel using SPME-GC-MS. Introduction Solid phase microextraction, a simple, effective adsorption/desorption technique, eliminates the need for solvents or complicated apparatus for concentrating volatile or nonvolatile compounds in liquid samples or headspace. SPME is compatible with analyte separation/detection by gas chromatography or HPLC, and provides linear results for wide concentrations of analytes. By controlling the polarity and thickness of the coating on the fiber, maintaining consistent sampling time, and adjusting several other extraction parameters, an analyst can ensure highly consistent, quantifiable results from low concentrations of analytes. Analyses of volatile or semivolatile organic environmental pollutants,flavor or fragrance components, and many other samples usually begin with concentrating the analytes of interest through liquid-liquid extraction, purge-and-trap, headspace, or various other techniques. These procedures typically require excessive time, complicated equipment, and/or extravagant use of organic solvents. Solid phase microextraction, or SPME,* an adsorption/desorption technique developed at the University of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada), eliminates the need for solvents or complicated apparatus for concentrating volatile or nonvolatile compounds in liquid samples or headspace. SPME provides linear results over wide concentrations of analytes (1-4), is compatiblewith any packed column or capillary gas chromatograph or gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system, and can be used with split/splitless or direct/packed injectors. An SPME/HPLC interface allows the technique to be combined with analysis by HPL C, expanding the applications for the extraction technique to detection of surfactants in water, pharmaceuticals in biological fluids, and many other analyses. An analytical process typically consists of several discrete steps: sampling, sample preparation, separation, quantification and data analysis. For example, in the analysis of semivolatile components in water, the target analytes are first extracted into an organic solvent. The resulting solution is then introduced into an analytical instrument for separation, quantification, and possible identification. Each of these steps affects the precision, accuracy and speed of the analysis. Although multi-dimensional techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) have improved separation and quantification, the preparation step is still time consuming and often uses a significant volume of organic. SPME was developed to simplify the preparation step. SPME is a microextraction technique, which means that the amount of extraction solvent is very small compared to the sample volume. As a result, exhaustive removal of analytes to the extracting phase does not occur, rather an equilibrium is reached between the sample matrix and the extracting phase. To make this approach practical, the extracting phase is permanently attached to rods made out of various materials. In most of the cases, the extracting phase is a polymeric organic  phase that is cross-linked and permanently attached to the rod. In one configuration, the rods consist of an optical fiber made of fused silica, which is chemically inert. A polymer layer is used to protect the fiber against breakage. Two common polymers used are poly (dimethylsiloxane) and polyacrylate. Poly (dimethylsiloxane) behaves as a liquid,which results in rapid extraction compared to polyacrylate, which is a solid. The silica rods have a typical diameter of 100–200 micrometers and a film thickness ranging from 10–100 microns. When the coated fiber is placed into an aqueous matrix (Figure 1), the analyte is transferred from the matrix into the coating. The extraction is considered to be complete when the analyte has reached an equilibrium distribution between the matrix and fiber coating. The equilibrium condition can be described as: n = Kfs Vf Vs Co Kfs Vf Vs when n is the amount extracted by the coating Kfs is the distribution coefficient between the fiber coating and the sample matrix, Vf is the volume of the fiber coating, Vs is the volume of the sample, and C0 is the initial concentration of analyte in the sample. FIGURE 4.1: Microextraction with SPME. SPME passively extracts organic compounds and concentrates them onto a thin, fused-silica ï ¬ ber coated with a stationary-phase material. The component in sample was identified by comparing with the mass spectra library. The quality of a component must taken 90% and above. There are three different extraction modes for SPME: I.  Direct: Fiber is placed in the water or air sample and the analytes are adsorbed onto or absorbed into the ï ¬ ber coating directly from the sample matrix. II.  Headspace: Sample of soil or water is placed in a vial. The SPME ï ¬ ber is placed in the air directly above the water or soil, and analytes partition from the sample matrix through the air to the ï ¬ ber coating. The air in the vial serves as a barrier between the SPME ï ¬ ber and the sample matrix to protect the SPME ï ¬ ber and eliminate fouling by high molecular-weight compounds and other non-volatile interferences in the sample media. III.  Membrane: uses a membrane to protect the SPME ï ¬ ber from heavily contaminated samples that may damage the ï ¬ ber. Figure 4.2: Schematic diagram of the headspace SPME apparatus. Sample: Unleaded petrol, diesel, paint thinner, kerosene and unknown. Apparatus: SPME holder with 100 ÃŽ ¼m polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fibre. Instrument: Gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies 5890 Series II) Equipped with HP 5971A mass selective detector and a 30m x 0.25ÃŽ ¼ x 250 ÃŽ ¼m HP 5 – MS capillary column and glass vials with septum. Procedure Instruments Set up Injector temperature : 250 oC Detector temperature : 300 oC Carrier gas flow rate : 30 ml/s Column temperature : 60 oC to 170oC at 10oC/min 1. The fiber (PDMS) was conditioned in the GC injection port at 250oC for at least 10 minutes to removed contaminations. 2. Approximately 5 mL of unleaded petrol was added in a glass vial and place the vial on a hot plate. The sample was heated to 50oC. 3. The SPME fiber was exposed to the headspace of the vial for 20 minutes and the temperature was constant at 50oC. 4. The fiber was withdraw into the needle and pulled out from the vial and immediately injected into GC-MS with desorption time 80 seconds. 5. Using the mass spectra library, the major component compound in each sample was identified using the mass spectra library. 6. Step 2 until 5 were repeated for other sample. Discussion The solid phase microextraction process is shown in Figure 4.3. 1cm length of fused silica fiber, coated with a polymer, is bonded to a stainless steel plunger and installed in a holder that looks like a modified microliter syringe. The plunger moves the fused silica fiber into and out of a hollow needle. To use the unit, the analyst draws the fiber into the needle, passes the needle through the septum that seals the sample vial, and depresses the plunger, exposing the fiber to the sample or the headspace above the sample. Organic analytes adsorb to the coating on the fiber. After adsorption equilibrium is attained, usually in 2 to 30 minutes, the fiber is drawn into the needle, and the needle is withdrawn from the sample vial. Finally, the needle is introduced into the gas chromatograph injector, where the adsorbed analytes are thermally desorbed and delivered to the GC column, or into the SPME/HPLC interface. Results compare very favorably to results for other sample preparation. Figure 4.3: Solid Phase Microextraction In SPME, equilibria are established among the concentrations of an analyte in the sample, in the headspace above the sample, and in the polymer coating on the fused silica fiber. The amount of analyte adsorbed by the fiber depends on the thickness of the polymer coating and on the distribution constant for the analyte. Extraction time is determined by the length of time required to obtain precise extractions for the analytes with the highest distribution  constants. The distribution constant generally increases with increasing molecular weight and boiling point of the analyte. Selectivity can  be altered by changing the type of polymer coating on the fiber, or the coating thickness, to match the characteristics of the analytes of interest. In general, volatile compounds require a thick coating, and a thin coating is most effective for adsorbing/desorbing semivolatile analytes. Desorption of an analyte from an SPME fiber depends on the boiling point of the analyte, the thickness of the coating on the fiber, and the temperature of the injection port. Nonpolar analytes are most effectively extracted with a nonpolar fiber coating and polar analytes are most effectively extracted with a polar coating, just as nonpolar or polar analytes are most effectively analyzed on a gas chromatography column of like polarity. In SPME however, because only 1cm of fiber is exposed to the sample matrix, the fiber coating must be either nonpolar or strongly polar in nature. The small differences in stationary phase polarity that are useful in gas chromatography (a 5% diphenylsiloxane/95% dimethylsiloxane phases versus a 100% dimethylsiloxane phase, for example) will not produce appreciable selectivity differences in SPME. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the non- polar stationary phase that has been used in this experiment. The –R groups are all –CH3, giving a liquid that is relatively nonpolar. In general, polar fibers are used for polar analytes and nonpolar fibres for non-polar analytes. Before proceed the analysis, the sample must be heated to make the sample attach to the fibre. The fibre was put into the vial that contains the sample. The vial was heated by using the water bath at 500C this was done because if the temperature was not strictly controlled, the components of interest from t he sample that we wanted to collect will not be able to obtain. We controlled the temperature by adding cold water inside the water bath system if the temperature goes high, reduced the amount of water, and also increased the hot plate’s temperature if the temperature goes low than 500C.Before placing the fibre into the sample vial through its septum, the fibre was first injected into the injection port of the GCMS at temperature of 2500C for 10 minutes so that any interferences and contaminants can be effectively removed. By doing this, we actually want to make sure that no impurities existed on the fibre. Thus, we can be sure that we are actually  injecting pure vapor of sample’s components obtained from exposing the fibre to the headspace of the vial. After the extraction time was completed, we transferred the fibre immediately to injection port for injection purpose, as we did not want any of the components of sample that we collected to be disappeared into the surrounding. After the extraction time was completed, we transferred the fibre immediately to injection port for injection purpose, as we did not want any of the components of sample that we collected to be disappeared into the surrounding. After 80 seconds of injection, the fibre was pulled out from the injection port. The 80 seconds period is known as desorption time. The factors that effects on determining desorption times are carrier gas linear flow and temperature. These factors will influence the carryover experience on the fibre. There are several factors that effects on precision of the fibre such as condition of the fiber, GC injector (fibre positioning), desorption time, sample volume, agitation, extraction time and temperature. During the experiment, there were source of error occurred such as personal and methods error. For example, when heated, the temperature was not maintained at 50oC. Besides, the fibre was not quickly injected into the GC-MS which can cause the sample to vaporize and in the end the analytes disappear. To get the best result, ensuring the fibre and sample is heated longer and maintain the temperature at 50oC so that the compounds of sample can attached and coated to the fibre. SPME has several important advantages compared to traditional sample preparation techniques. The advantages of SPME discuss. The SPME method for semivolatile analysis consists of inserting the fiber device into the aqueous sample matrix, pushing the plunger to expose the fiber, retracting the fiber into the needle when equilibrium has been reached, and finally introducing the fiber into the analytical instrument. During desorbtion of the analyte, the polymeric phase is cleaned and therefore ready for reuse. The absence of solvent in SPME is an important feature, as it is not only environmentally friendly but makes the separation faster, which increases throughput and allows for the use of simpler instruments. Another important  feature of SPME is its small size, which is convenient for design. Another important feature of SPME is its small size, which is convenient for designing portable devices for field work. Since the amount of extracting phase is small, the equilibrium of the system is not disturbed and can therefore be studied. Very small objects can be studied with miniature fibers, such as a single flower or even a single cell. The sensitivity and limit of determination is comparable to techniques that rely on liquid extraction. Although only a small portion of analyte is extracted from the matrix, all extracted analytes are transferred to the analytical instrument. This is in contrast to liquid extractions, where the majority of analyte is transferred from a given sample to the organic phase but only a small portion (1/100 or 1/1000) of the extracted analyte is introduced to the analytical instrument. The analyte if the sample non volatile the other extraction method can achieve by placing the SPME fiber directly into the aqueous sample. Conclusion In conclusion, since hydrocarbon is volatile compound, the extraction procedure by placing the SPME fiber in the headspace above the sample can extract the analyte and directly injected to the GCMS, the components in the sample can be identified using the GCMS where we can compare the obtained spectra with the instrument’s library. From the experiment we are successfully determine the compounds that present in the thinner, kerosene, diesel and petrol. The hydrocarbons that present in unknown are similar to those in kerosene because it is quite similar in chromatography diagram.Besides, the sample are not quality so that the result that we obtain is not accurate a bit because of oftenly used. Recommendations 1. Washing the injector properly so that, no contaminate will occurred. References 1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science 2. www.geocities.com/hpgc/chem700/spmenotes.pdf

Government Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Government Corporations - Essay Example This article travel around the metaphor and lays out a general view of the troubles that have arisen from the unhelpful development of corporations. Future articles will argue ways to address these troubles. Among the World War and the depression of 1929 a few additional government corporations were shaped. Since the beginning of the despair, throughout which the government has made use of its powers to temper the unfavorable financial situation, the device of government corporations has been ever more employed. From 1929 to 1938 at least thirty-eight essential federal corporations have been recognized. It is clear, therefore, that twice in new history the national government has made wide and speedy use of government corporations and entrusted them with the expenditure of marvelous sums of money. "Corporate Governance is a meadow in economics that investigates how to safe /motivate efficient organization of corporation by the employ of incentive mechanisms such as, contract, organisational plan and legislation. Furthermore, this is frequently limited to the query of improving monetary performance. For instance, how the corporate owners can protected /motivate that the corporate managers will bring a competitive rate of go back." (Baumhart, R, 6-19). The purpose of this chapter is... In addition, an in-depth analysis of the roles and purpose of the CG (Corporate Governance) in organizations in general will be included, how CG assists in the organization and how CG helps the organization strategy. Moreover, the research is concentrated on the CG in market. This chapter is very helpful in increasing the knowledge relative to the studying area since the results and the findings of the primary data will be related with the literature review. Therefore, the knowledge from literature review is going to provide a more professional research that will focus on the purpose of this research. Also, the purpose of this is to offer an overview of significant information published on the topic in order to narrow down the research questions to a specific, suitable form. Corporate Culture Corporate governance is on the radar monitor as investors have realized that it is not immediately one more abstraction but a power that can vitally power the economic growth of businesses. Good corporate governance ensures clearness, fairness and answerability with admiration to shareholders and other stakeholders and is a precondition for the honesty and trustworthiness of market institution including stock connections and other person corporations. According to the newest PricewaterhouseCoopers Management Barometer periodical review institutional shareholders hold more than 60 percent of shares in nearly everyone big, international companies. Institutions that are worth and growth investors possess a total of 48.5 percent of all shares in surveyed company. Despite the important ownership stake represent by institutional investor, the survey has also proved that institutions put forth only incomplete power over a company's

Critical evaluation of Fuchs, Fuchs & Karns (2001) article Essay

Critical evaluation of Fuchs, Fuchs & Karns (2001) article - Essay Example (Pagani et. al. 2006) Considering all these, there is growing importance placed on understanding those stages of life. This report aims at critically analyzing one of such researches done on children’s mathematical development. In this process, views of external critics are taken into account and the choice of the method applied is critically analyzed along with its results and outcomes. The other aspect that is discussed in this report is the benefits that are obtained in implementing this method and the probable ethical issues that might arise if this is to be implemented in practical scenarios. Research problem The background for this research is based on the results obtained from the analysis done by Griffin and Case in 1997. (Griffin & Case, 1997) According to them, children, when they attain the age of six, should have developed a ‘mental number line representation’ by combining the two basic concepts of mathematics – counting and comparison. (Fuchs e t. al. 2001) Once they achieve such a line, the required ground work gets established and with that as base, they can build on it to solve further problems in mathematics and understand the concepts better. But, many of the children who come from poor financial backgrounds and from utter poverty fail to achieve this line of understanding and hence wound up facing long term mathematical failures. The research under discussion aims to improve the students from high poverty background to achieve this mental line representation before they move on to higher studies. The research is actually an extrapolation of the research works done by the authors, Griffin and Case in the year, 1997. (Griffin & Case, 1997) Based on the three research exercises that they had done on a select number of students grouped under experimental and control group categories, they received high percentage of success, with many of the guided students who underwent this study were able to cope up with the middle le vel students, thus allowing them to compete equally and subsequently improve their mathematical knowledge. (Fuchs et. al. 2002) Research methodology Peer Assisted Learning Strategies of (PALS) is the method followed here to achieve the goal of this research. It is a method where the teachers deploy a program that allows them to identify and assist students who lack in specific set of areas. (Ashwin, 2003) Did their hypothesis/research problem correspond to the adopted collection and analysis of the research design? The aim of their research is to improve the understanding level of the students in mathematics. The purpose of the research problem is to extrapolate the previous results in three ways. 1. To expand the research area. That is, to involve more numbers of students, whose levels of understanding varies drastically. This is to present the teachers with details about how to proceed with the treatment in diversified classrooms. This dimension of the problem was addressed during the design phase of the research by identifying and including students with different performance levels and from both disabled and nondisabled sections. 2. To evaluate the capacity of the teachers. The need for this result was to identify the response from students, to explore the fidelity of their teaching method and to generate an informative feedback about the treatment. This dimension of the problem was addressed by choosing teachers who were from different demographical

Light and Telescopes and Gravity Research Paper

Light and Telescopes and Gravity - Research Paper Example Optics is a common term used to refer to the study of light and its interactions with matter. Reflection is the bouncing back of light on a surface, in most cases resulting in image formation. Refraction on the other hand denotes the bending of the rays of light when passing through one medium to another (124). The speed of light in different transparent materials with ordinary matter is lower than that in a vacuum. For instance, the velocity of light in water is 75% the speed of light in a vacuum. The behavior of light is dependent on its wavelength and like other electromagnetic radiations high frequencies translate into lower wavelengths and vice-versa. Light is made up of photons/ quanta of lower energy levels which evoke excitations (electronic) in the molecules it interacts with resulting in variations in the chemistry/ bonding of the molecule. In the lower portion of the spectrum of light, the radiation (infrared) is no longer visible as the quanta of these radiation lack energy sufficient to elicit variation in molecule retinal of the eye retina, hence no visibility (at least not via quantum absorption) (Walker, 418). Over the limit of visible light, UV radiation is not visible to human eyes because it is absorbed by the internal lens below 400nm and the cornea below 360nm. In addition, the human retina’s cones and rods cannot detect radiation of wavelength below 360nm and are destroyed by such radiation. The main source of light on earth is the sun with approximately half of the EMR from the sun in the visible light region. However, there are a plethora of other light sources and mechanisms of producing light such as bioluminescence, electroluminescence, sonoluminescence, scintillation, radioactive decay, triboluminescence, particle-antiparticle annihilation, chenkov radiation, and so on. Light is either measured via photometry or radiometry. Light applies physical pressure on objects along its path with its

Too big to fail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Too big to fail - Essay Example However there is another school of thought that correlates size with stability and calls the ‘too big to fail’ a farce. According to this thought stability of big names comes from high investor confidence, well-framed insurance policies and regulations etc. The big names are associated with trust and long-term customer relationship. However, the big banks increase the systematic risks causing smaller banks to collapse. Also with the size increases monopoly in the economy with larger names hoarding over the business scene with little or no advantage to the smaller players. This unfair treatment creates resentment in the smaller units and thus the level playing field is not achieved. Having used many interventions in the past years, the Fed has now somewhat taken a back seat towards protecting the large banks. As the huge structures demand huge funds which are simply unavailable to save them nowadays. This brings us to the Dodd-Frank Act that was enacted in 2010 as a preventive measure after the 2008 crises. ‘ Its first objective is to limit the risk of contemporary finance – what critics often call the shadow banking system; and the second is to limit the damage caused by the failure of a large financial institution.’ (Skeel, 2011) This act has made some regulatory changes, identifying non-banking financial system and regulating bank holding companies. An important part of this act is the Volcker Rule that refrains US banks to enter into speculative investments, thus keeping the commercial banks separate from the investment banks. Thus the size brings stability and returns leading to economic growth for a country. But overdoing of goodness turns bitter and in the same manner a bank too big will eventually topple over and when it does the smaller units will be crushed under it. The too big to fail slogan is right but only to a certain extent as the government will

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 19

Homework - Essay Example a states that under some circumstances like writing formal letters, school work or letters to an individual’s boss or teacher need to be written without taking a shortcut. This is because people like bosses or teachers should be impressed. She states, â€Å"Your webbish ways can sometimes make you look dumb† (Brockenbrough, 150). Furthermore, Martha gives an example of a competitor in the Olympic who wears a swimsuit and it is okay while the same man can not wear a swimsuit at a public mall and fail to be arrested by the police, since it is awkward. On the other hand, Martha argues that shorthand is acceptable in some places because lack of shorthand makes an individual look out of place. Places that shorthand is acceptable include chat rooms, internet and instant messaging. Martha says â€Å" †¦you run the risk of sounding hopelessly out of touch if you are in a chat room or using instant messaging software and you do not shorten things here and there† (Brockenbrough, 149). This further evidenced by the example of an individual hailing a taxi in full since the word ‘taxi’ is a short form taximeter cabriolet. â€Å"My guess is that anyone who does that will not catch anything more than puzzled looks† (Brockenbrough, 149) states Martha. Conclusively, shorthand is acceptable as it is unacceptable, it depends with the context. When writing on the internet and chat rooms, it is acceptable. Conversely, when writing to a teacher or a boss it is

Phoenix Johnson and the Worn Path Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phoenix Johnson and the Worn Path - Essay Example The character is able to become symbolic of the meaning of the overall story and what it means to change the worn path into something new as a transition. The first aspect of the character that is recognized as a part of the worn path is the name. Phoenix is a symbolic meaning of a bird that dies then rises through the ashes. In the story, Phoenix is seen as walking the same path continuously, always which is done for the illness of her grandson. This is combined with the routines and expectations that she has as well as the reoccurring events that everyone recognizes about the character. The idea of the phoenix then remains present in the story as the worn out path of the character continues until it dies. When Phoenix falls into a ditch, there is recognition of the character dying to the old and worn out path, which then leads to rising to the new. The presentation of the character as a bird that is not going to walk down the same path again then becomes a central part of the recog nition of the struggle that the character goes through as well as the problems which are associated with making a transition out of the old and into the new. The name of Phoenix which holds the symbolic meaning with the character is followed by the actions which are taken and the expectations that the character has. The worn path that Phoenix walks down is also symbolic of the mentality of the character and the difficulties which she continuously encounters throughout her life. The never – ending struggle of the character and the ability to overcome this is one of the highlighted aspects of the character. For instance, when walking the worn path, Phoenix states that the journey makes it â€Å"seems like there is chains on my feet, time I get this far† (Welty, 143). The statement is one that is not only based on the difficulty of the path but is representative of the path that Phoenix continues to travel and rise through each time that something occurs. The characteriza tion of Phoenix then becomes associated with the struggle that she continues to go through and the ability to overcome the difficulties which she has faced. The recognition of the character that has the chains on the path and which continues to struggle is not only based on the one struggles of the character. Phoenix is an African – American that lives in the south and which has lived through the Civil Rights movement and the changes toward blacks and whites in the nation. The representation of the character then moves into a deeper aspect not only of one character that has walked the worn path. It also relates to the struggles of those living in the South at the time and the continuous need to have bravery, the ability to overcome and to chase things away if they appeared as a threat. For instance, when Phoenix meets a hunter, he holds a gun to her to shoot. The response is not one out of fear. â€Å" ‘Doesn’t that gun scare you?’ he said, pointing it at her. ‘No, Sir, I seen plenty go off closer by, in my day† (146). This phrase and several others show the courage and the understanding of the meaning of the character as the worn path. The character is one that has seen guns, struggle and other difficulties based on the social order of the time. The development of the character is then to show how these struggles have allowed the character to overcome.

Buddhist Temples As Educational Centers For Spiritual Quest Essay

Buddhist Temples As Educational Centers For Spiritual Quest - Essay Example Buddhism is a choice religion for this, as it emphasises meditation, contemplation of nature, and non-traditional thinking. To understand how Buddhist temples can become educational centres for this kind of spiritual journey, one must first understand the nature of Spiritual quests and Buddhist faith, before looking again at the issue of questing and education. Spiritual quests have been an essential part of religious experience for most of recorded history. From shamanistic vision quests to the separations of Religious leaders, the spiritual quest is the path to enlightenment. These journeys often involve great challenges, difficulties or impossible tasks to be performed. Mythologies often depict heroes going on long journeys, and overcoming terrible odds in order to obtain valuable items, or important knowledge. The Scandinavian tale of Odin hanging from the world tree in order to obtain knowledge for human kind is one example of a spiritual quest. Often originating in personal cat astrophe, the spiritual quest seeks to bridge the divide between possible and impossible worlds. The seeker isolates him or herself from general society, and puts himself through an ordeal. Passing through that experience gives the seeker enlightenment, and they can then return to their society with the gifts that the quest has brought out and developed within them. In modern western society, the religious quest does not seem to be so important to us. Many people do not undertake these journeys - jobs, families and other ties mean that it would be extremely difficult to isolate yourself from the rest of society for long periods of time. In the present day, these quests are generally undertaken in less strenuous circumstances. Anyone wishing to perform an actual quest or journey can go on vacations to spiritual places, or join quest expeditions which Combine sightseeing with meditation, Yoga and other lessons in self-discovery and self empowerment (Andrews) Even if modern Western societies have adapted the spiritual practices of the past, then this does not mean that they are any less valid or challenging. In recent years, the spiritual quest has been compared with the scientific questioning of the world: The scientific quest is to discover the order in the external world of space, time energy and matter. The spiritual quest is to discover order in our consciousness. (Krishna) Krishna also emphasises the importance of personal experience in spiritual seeking. "In the spiritual quest, knowledge is not helpful" (Krishna). What is needed is an insight into the truth, the same insight which the spiritual leader once had: Buddha's student has to observe all over again and rediscover what the Buddha discovered, in order to come upon that order in his own consciousness. One simply cannot learn it like knowledge. (Krishna) Spiritual quests demand that the seeker not only know the works of the leader, but also attempt to go through the same journey than Buddha, Christ, Krishna, Odin, or any other religious leaders. In this sense, spiritual questing can bring about a greater understanding of the seeker's faith, and give true meaning to the texts of religious traditions. 2)Buddhism Buddhism is not necessarily what one would expect from a religion. Instead of teaching salvation though submission to a supernatural entity, Buddhist teachings focus upon the mind as the way to spirituality and understanding. While the Buddha is venerated as a god or gods might be in other religion, it is also true that he is seen as a

INTEREST GROUP AND POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INTEREST GROUP AND POLICY - Essay Example The domestic policy will range from how to solve insignificantly simple problems to how to handle a n issue of a huge magnitude to the nation. In a nut shell, domestic policy entails setting laws and regulations to govern the internal affairs of the nation (Steffen Schmidt et al 2012-2013). The domestic policies are regulatory, redistributive and promotional policy. In setting the policies a particular policy, there are interested groups who petition the government to take into considerations their individual needs. The interest groups comprises of the people with vested interests on how the government is planning to address a particular issue. They express engage the government on all phases of policy making by submitting proposals, participating in legislation, enlightening the beneficiaries on how the policy will impact on their lives and even demonstration and engaging the government in litigation if they feel aggrieved by the government actions regarding the policy issue being a ddressed. The policy issue of focus in this case is health care. Health care issue According to Steffen et al, social security is redistributive policy as it aims at achieving fairness in the country by focusing on the wealth redistribution. The social security includes health care. The central government expenditure on health care has been on a rise since from about six percent in 1965 to about seventeen percent of the economy in the year 2012 (Steffen Schmidt et al 2012-2013). ... Most nations adopted the universal health care system in the 20th century and so our nation was no exception (Steffen Schmidt et al 2012-2013). With the need to help millions of people with affordable Medicare, the universal health care has become a political issue with former presidents like Bill Clinton putting in effort to introduce it without success. Several proposals were made including the one adopted by Massachusetts in 2006 where all citizens were to receive insurance and low income earners would receive subsidies from central government in effort to raise their ability to pay premiums. The 2010 universal healthcare plan guarantees every American the health cover of her/his choice. Interest groups refer to the individuals who want particular interests catered for. This means that they are organizations that join forces to have the government hear their voice during policy making and implementation. According to pluralist theory, interest groups bring representation to all th us every one wields power and influence. The interest groups fall in categories like public interest groups that are mandated with fighting for public interests like fights against pollution, business industry interest groups that foster the interests of the respective business and lastly the professional interest groups that deal with particular professional , for instance the teachers union. The interest groups are dominated by the more informed and well endowed thus meaning they may not necessarily be the face of democracy. The interested groups in the health care apart from the government include American medical associations, national

Policing Domestic Violence Essay Example for Free

Policing Domestic Violence Essay Domestic violence can be considered to be an act of violence which has been observed to occur in every socio-economic class as well as within all cultures. Domestic violence is defined as a pattern of coercive control that one individual intermittently exerts over another by means of spiritual, emotional, sexual, physical or economic abuse (http://www. dvvap. org/i). This form of exploitation has victimized mostly the women and children and men in much fewer cases and it continues to be perpetrated all over the world. In some regions or nations of the world, domestic violence has become a daily occurrence. Domestic violence leads to very drastic effects on the family, especially if perpetrated on both women and children. When this form of violence is done through physical harm, it results to injury, disability or even death in victims. Mental problems that may also occur usually make the victims feel unloved, lonely and have low self-esteem. Depression occurs in many victims of psychological abuse, which in turn may cause severe isolation of the victims from family and friends. Sexual violence and incest are other forms of domestic violence. In some regions of the world, domestic violence causes continue to rise due to patriarchal, cultural and religious traditions, (Human Rights Watch, 2005. , pp 12). All over the world, different governments handle domestic violence in many ways due to differing views on violence Different proposals have been presented to encourage the governments to have certain views on this form of violence. According to Lisa, domestic violence should be treated as a political and public problem. It should also be viewed as a breach of the human rights. It is a violation of human rights which every individual is entitled to. Those who perpetrate actions of violence against the others should be stopped, (Lisa, H. 78-79). Policing domestic violence refers to a scientifically developed application that aims at solving the domestic violence problem. In the past, it has involved testing of hypothesis in relation to the classification, prediction and the domestic violence prevention. Policing domestic violence policing as a tool of solving domestic violence also experiences several challenges as a crime prevention strategy (Hoctor, M. 53). In order to identify more effective policing strategies for domestic violence prevention and control, a culture of science is very necessary where the strategy integrates trial and error as a norm in crime prevention. The domestic violence policing programs aim at offering support to victims of domestic violence while at the same time preventing domestic violence. However, the public has raised concern about the domestic violence public policy. Lawrence et al states that in the past, the public has been concerned about the domestic violence policy. This is because it is sometimes based on ideology and it lacks evidence based on science. The public advocates for an effective domestic violence policing which should be practical and also be implemented appropriately. This would be a very good measure in preventing domestic violence (Lawrence S. et al, 24). In the last decade, police response to domestic violence has been criticized with a claim that the police did not take violence incidents seriously. However, effective measures to curb domestic violence are being developed and implemented through better policing. In this paper, the domestic violence policing issue will be discussed. The ethical stance of domestic violence in policing will be looked at, as well as the police departments’ responsibility of policing. The past system and current issues arising due to violence will be evaluated. Discussion For effective policing in domestic violence, a cultural evolution in policing needs to be developed in order to support the scientific revolution in order to solve the domestic violence problem. The cultural evolution rapid movement requires a growing partnership between the police and criminologists, public health community officers and professional scientists. Coherence of approach by the different police units to domestic violence is promoted by policy statements or documents where the Police officers introduce the policy documents with varying extent and content. With the increasing reports of domestic violence to the police, the police service has been required to utilize their limited resources to improve domestic violence service delivery to the people. Domestic violence is a great concern for the community where the police intervene in many cases. Whenever the police receive an initial call for assistance, it is their responsibility to provide immediate protection to the victim due to the fact that the police have certain powers which allow them to respond to domestic violence incidents. Whether the victims feel confident in contacting the police departments later in future will depend on how the police perform their tasks when the victim makes the initial contact (Lawrence, S. 126). The police have a major role in arresting criminals or offenders with the perpetrators of domestic violence considered as criminals because they undermine the human rights of the victims. The suspects are usually arrested and charged if there is enough evidence of violence against the victim. However, law enforcement officers should ensure that the suspect’s rights are not violated until the truth is established much later as one of the requirement in the police departmental policy. The police forces have domestic violence policy documents which contain written aims and priorities that are expected to assist them either solve, prevent or reduce domestic violence incidents. The policy documents normally contain the domestic violence definition, its implications, as well as guidance about the various police response components. The responsibility to implement domestic violence policies is something that is shared across a range of the police roles. The policies are very vital in protecting domestic violence victims against actions of exploitation such as domestic violence involving withholding of economic resources from a victim. Some children are even denied education through this form of abuse, as well partners who do not work. This denies the victims their basic needs, which is considered unethical and unacceptable. Domestic violence policing prevents this form of exploitation and instead promotes ethical practices in the society. Through policing, public safety problems are defined, analyzed and effective solutions to the problems addressed. Though the society is responsible for propagating ethics, it sometimes undermines the ethics if it allows domestic violence to occur without taking any action. For instance, in patriarchal societies, men are sometimes allowed to completely dominate over women. This had led to lack of knowledge and empowerment in women to speak out against violence, whereby the victims lack the ability to express their views and opinions with those who do not adhere to this being severely punished through domestic violence. Domestic violence policies have been developed to address such cultural practices with the police ensuring that law enforcement in relation to such policies is carried out. The police department should have the responsibility of policing domestic violence in the community because they are law enforcers who are responsible for ensuring law and order is maintained in the society and the human rights are well protected. Preventing and reducing domestic violence is one of the ways in which the human rights of everyone in the community are protected. For instance in Australia, police powers and procedures are well set out in the Crimes Act 1990(Policing Domestic Violence in New South Wales NSW, 1999). In addition, the police powers can be found in the police guidelines, referred to as Domestic Violence Standard Operating Procedures. Another example can be seen in the US, where the police department has adopted mandatory arrest policy for domestic violence cases. For spousal violence cases, arrest based on probable cause could be done where the Police officers were allowed to arrest suspects without a warrant as long as the officers had probable cause whether he/she had witnessed the incident or not. This was happening in 23 states of the United States of America by the year 2005 (Hoctor, M. 007) Another reason why the police should participate in domestic violence policing is that, the legislation that protects people from domestic violence in most cases directs the police to intervene in protecting the victims of domestic violence. The police have the power to exercise arrest of criminals or offenders when need be. In policing domestic violence, domestic violence incidents should be stopped as soon as possible making the arrest of offenders by the police an effective means of stopping domestic abuse. This therefore makes it their vital responsibility in policing domestic violence with the responsibility aiming at stopping the conflict, as well as protecting and ensuring the immediate safety for the victims. As law enforcers, the police have a responsibility to ensure criminals are charged in court which mitigates future abuse. The police department receives reports on domestic violence from the community members and then investigates the cases to establish the cause of the abuse, the effects and the victim or offender. After establishing the facts about a case, offenders are charged in court. For instance policies allow police officers to apply for an apprehended violence order (AVO), which guides the judicial process (Lawrence, S. 101). Good police service initiatives in the police departments that enhance awareness in people about violence and service delivery show that they should have a good responsibility in domestic violence policing. The police departments in many nations have instituted the initiatives as a result of their recognition that a high percentage of people in our community are now aware that domestic violence is a crime. These initiatives include, public awareness through advertising campaigns, placement of domestic violence liaison officers (DVLO), specialized training for officers, working with the Attorney General and the development of COPS (Computerized Operational Policing system) to produce statistics relevant to the development of effective domestic violence prevention measures. The initiatives are a good indication of how effective the police department can be in domestic violence policing. The domestic violence issue has attracted widespread public concern, in the past and also in the current world. However, the past system differs with the current system in relation to how policing in domestic violence was/is handled. In the past, the number of domestic violence cases that were reported was fewer than the current number of the cases reported to the police. The continued increase of the reported cases in turn has necessitated the development of measures that will curb the violence effectively. This has led to the development of new measures/policies to address this problem. However, in the past, this problem was not handled with much seriousness as it is now which made the past system less effective in domestic violence policing. Cultural beliefs and practices in the past contributed to continued domestic abuse, because the victims were sometimes convinced that they deserved to be abused. Different societies have changed their beliefs towards domestic violence over time with people become more aware of domestic violence as a crime currently, which has greatly assisted in effective domestic violence policing. People are more willing to speak out about this issue in the modern world as compared to the past years. Modern police service initiatives have enhanced better domestic violence policing as compared to the past system of policing. For instance placement of domestic violence liaison officers (DVLO) in the local areas as a modern initiative has made it easy for people to report violence cases. In addition, offenders are easily apprehended and charged for their offences. In the past, lack of awareness in some victims and the community as a whole in policing encouraged continued abuse because the offender had no action taken against them. Current systems have developed specialized training for officers, which involves training of officers in response to domestic violence and other issues that surround domestic violence. On the other hand, the past systems did not have such training programs. The standard operating procedures (SOP) launching together with the development of computerized operational policing system (COPS) have been very instrumental in adoption of effective domestic violence policing measures in the modern systems (Policing Domestic Violence in New South Wales NSW,1999). The domestic violence policing have also experienced several problems. The policing may lack inadequate support which may in turn undermine how effective the policing can be in solving domestic violence. The police officers who handle domestic violence cases have been accused of not providing the involved parties with enough information and sometimes they have an inappropriate attitude towards the victims. In addition, they have shown unsympathetic, rude and indifferent behavior towards the victims. Nevertheless, solutions to these problems have been integrated in domestic violence policing programs to ensure domestic violence is prevented. Though domestic violence prevention measures were present in the past, current measures have been developed to improve on the past strategies

Managerial Finance Closing Essay Example for Free

Managerial Finance Closing Essay The company announces that it is not expanding, what do you think will happen to the price of the bonds? What will happen to the price of the bonds if the company does expand? I believe if the company announces that it is not expanding then the prices of the bonds would not change, however if the company decides to expand then the prices of the bonds would increase due to the increase in the value of the company and the return would be greater. 5. If the company opts not to expand, what are the implications for the companies future borrowing needs? What are the implications if the company does expand? If the company decides not to expand, I do not believe that the implication for the companies future borrowing needs would differ too much from if they decided to expand. However one variation is if the company decides to expand they will receive more equity as shown above by the calculations. If the company has an increase of equity, they have the opportunity for an increase of borrowing, if they needed. However, if the company opts not to expand, they can still borrow in the future, however, their equity will remain the same, which would give them less variation in regards to borrowing. 6. Because of the bond covenant, the expansion would have to be financed with equity. How would it affect your answer if the expansion were financed with cash on hand instead of new equity? From my perspective, I do not see an issue with the expansion being financed with equity rather than â€Å"cash on hand†. I believe it would be an easier wait to keep track of the finances. I thought the primary reason some companies use equity to finance new projects is because they do not have the â€Å"cash on hand† to begin with, and although they have equity, it would be far too much trouble to convert it over to cash. So, they would rather use equity to finance.

Journals Of Wound Care And Management Nursing Essay

Journals Of Wound Care And Management Nursing Essay The purpose of this study is to give a critical analysis of the Literature, and briefly enumerate the causes, treatment, prevention and the risk factors of Pressure Ulcers (PUs). The process leading to pressure ulcer formation and early detection of individuals who are at risk of developing it for prompt prevention are paramount in this study. Methods: The methods adopted in this dissertation involved various strategies: selecting a review topic and searching the literatures to be used. Gathering, reading and analysing the literatures. It also involved critical examination of the various causes, treatment and preventive measures. Furthermore, it is also intended to find out the various risk factors that could lead to its emergence. On this basis, a number of research articles was examined after which their literatures were critically analysed All the literature searches were undertaken online with the aid of computer and electronic databases. Computer databases are used because they offer access to varieties of information, which could not be obtained manually. Findings and Conclusions: This study went further to find out the effect of age and nutrition on the persistence and spread of presure ulcer. Finally, having given a critical analysis of the literatures, it summarised the findings as well as the various ways to curtail the emergence as well as improving the wellbeing of the patients with essential pressure ulcer, ie, those who by reason of underlying health conditions such as diabetes and catheterized individuals, people with profound learning disability, who could not avoid staying in one position for too long. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The impact of pressure ulcers on the quality of life of the people with learning disability cannot be overemphasised, as it can be devastating (Spilsbury et al. 2007; MEP Ltd, 2009; NHS for Scotland, 2009). A pressure ulcer (PU) otherwise known as pressure sore, pressure damage, pressure injuries or bed sore (Spilsbury et al. 2007), is an area of the skin that has become abraded gradually due to a reduction or cessation of blood flowing through that part of the body. It is mainly as a result of continuous maintenance of same position when sitting or lying down for a long period of time, (RCN, 2005). It can also be described as a localised abrasion on the skin or the underlying tissue, in most cases over a bony prominence, due to the pressure or pressure in combination with deformation of the site; this can also be caused by friction. Based on the degree of damage, it can further be defined as partial-thickness of skin loss involving epidermis or dermis; mainly affecting the surface manifesting as a scratch, fluid-filled elevation of the skin or simply as a swollen crater (Lyder, 2010 Guy, 2012). Furthermore, Pressure ulcer in some other cases can present as an erythematic or abnormal r edness of the skin due to dilation of the blood vessels in the skin. (www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart_and_blood_vessel_disorders.html). The reddened area remains as such for longer than 30 minutes after pressure is relieved (Barbanel, and Hagisawa, 2001). In view of the fact that Pressure ulcer has been widely noted to reduce the quality of life in people with learning disability (Dorner et al, 2009), this topic is very important and relevant to a very large extent for Nurses and other carers involved with the treatment and management of PUs in individuals having learning disability. Among the many reasons for choosing this particular topic are as follows: Having established that pressure ulcers are a major cause of morbidity, mortality and healthcare burden globally and that many of the cases are avoidable (Whittington et al, 2004); it follows that solutions need to be sought aimed at reducing it, if its prevalence. Looking at PUs from the perspectives of treatment and management, it has been observed that both treatment and management are capital intensive, but it is also preventable (Soban et al; White-Chu, 2011). It is very important to concentrate more efforts at minimising the occurrence of PUs, rather than wasting resources on treatment, which might be counterproductive, especially in diabetic patients (European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel [EPUAP], 2005). Pressure ulcers pose grave consequences on the wellbeing of people with profound learning disability, be that as it may, its treatment, prevention and management is a major priority within the clinical and policy agenda. It is very important that patients are educated on the impact of PUs on health and quality of life, at the same time; it is their right to make informed decision about their care and treatment in conjunction with the healthcare provider (Spilsbury et al, 2007; NICE clinical guideline, 2005). In addition, the data generated could be used to estimate the total number of cases with PUs within a particular population (i.e. prevalence) and the rate at which new Pressure Ulcers are occurring in people in needing medical care. (Clark, 2007). (Plaum et al, 2006), in their questionnaire research on Pressure ulcer discovered that it was possible for patients to have a combination of deficiency of sensory experience as well as memory loss. The above combination of health challenges tended to increase the probability of having PUs (Plaum et al, 2006). This study will therefore discuss common risk factors for developing pressure ulcers in people with learning disability, its prevention and management (Guy H, 2012, Vanderwee et al, 2007). This study will also find out effect on age, and nutrition on the persistence and spread of pressure ulcer. The findings will summarise the various ways to curtail the emergence as well as the ways to improve the wellbeing of the patients with pressure sores. According to the International guidelines on Pressure ulcer prevention, prevalence and Incidence (MEP Ltd, 2009: page 8); à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"the results of PUs prevalence and incidence studies could be used for enlightenment purposes, to reduce PUs occurrence, and therefore improve clinical practiceà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ . It is very important to understand the consequences and pitfalls of the prevalence and incidence of PUs. Lastly, it is essential for all healthcare practitioners, managers, payers and financiers involved in the development, implementation and assessment of PU prevention protocols (Fletcher et al, 2011). The overall aim of this study a strategy geared towards the reduction of PUs as well as reducing the number of patients who have it. The need for identification and production of new antimicrobial agents that are selectively toxic, that is; being able to destroy the causative agent with little side effect on the host and broadly effective with a low propensity to induce resistance is very crucial (Bowler et al, 2001). According to (Bowler et al, 2001); while it is true that microorganisms are known to be responsible for wound infections, there are widespread controversies relating to the exact mechanisms by which the microbes cause infection and also their significance in non-healing wounds that fail to exhibit clinical manifestation. (Robson, 1999); observed that the mass per unit volume of microorganisms is a critical factor in determining the probability of the wound healing. However, (Pallua et al, 1999) argued the fact that certain virulent microorganisms were isolated is evidential in delayed wound healing. Nevertheless, others have reported that microorganisms à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"per seà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  play little or no role in wound healing or slow healing. (EWMA MEP Ltd, 2005), stated that; not all wounds become infected, being that, the susceptibility or resistivity of the host determines the chance of such a wound eventually becoming infected by bacterial pathogen. Although the role of Microbiology laboratory is incontrovertible, the necessity of carrying out wound culture and sensitivity testing must be critically considered in order to save in cost, labour, and avoid unnecessary disturbance to the patient, (Bowler et al 2001). 1.3 Mode of treatment: since pressure ulcer (PU) is a debilitating chronic wound that affects mostly individuals who are incapacitated as a result of age or an underlying illness (Lyder, 2003), or people with profound learning disability who spent longer time on a particular position, its treatment typically involves multiple treatment procedures simultaneously; such as support surface and dressings. Nutritional supplements are essential; since most individuals with learning disability have been known to have diet problems (Dorner et al, 2009). At successive stages of the treatment, different treatments are applied (Lyder, 2003). CHAPTER TWO METHODS The methods adopted in this dissertation involved various strategies: Selecting a review topic and searching the literatures to be used. Gathering reading materials and analysing the literature followed by the review of references. Having selected the topic the next step was identification of the appropriate and related information. This method was in agreement with (Hek and Langton 2000). In their study, they discovered and applied a particular orderly approach which was sequential and capable of generating reliable and beneficial information unlike the traditional review. All the literature searches were undertaken online with the aid of computer and electronic databases. The reason for using computer databases is that they offer access to varieties of information, which cannot be obtained manually and sometimes quite recent. Keyword searches were the most common method of identifying literature (Ely and Scott, 2007). However, keywords which have to do with the review/assessment and management of pressure ulcers were used. Databases of particular relevance to the selected topic, which are very useful for Nurses (Parahoo, 2006), aided the search for related journals which included: British Nursing Index Nursing Journals in English Language CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and related publications. This according to (Polit and Beck, 2006), offers an important, reliable and up-to-date electronic databases for Nurses and other healthcare professionals. More importantly, CINAHL databases offer both staff and student Nurses the most recent and best available evidence-based clinical practice. Medical Subject Headings or subject headings: Pubmed/MEDLINE Google scholar The essence of using numerous databases was to harvest a large catalogue of research materials including those directly linked to the field of learning disability practice: Journal of Learning Disabilities Journal of Intellectual Disabilities. Journals of wound care and management. Generally, Journals are much more up-to-date than books which were probably written decades ago since information is dynamic and prone to changes. Therefore, maximum period of 10 years was placed on the age of the works and journals that were used in this work except in some rear cases where no recent materials were found in relation to the subject matter. The search strategy sought to identify all published and unpublished research investigating patient reports about the impact of PUs and PU interventions on HRQL. Data extraction involved the reading through each of the published articles and identifying their findings in the form of statements by the author supported by patient reported data, the extracted patient reported data produced (Gorecki et al 2009). Moreover, specialist Journals were also hand-searched. The internet played a crucial role for web sites on pressure ulcer publications, as well as books from my local area and the university library. Eligibility: Both exclusion and inclusion criteria were used for the primary and final selection for reporting the impact of PUs and interventions respectively on Health related quality of life (HRQL), including symptoms and patient evaluation of interventions. (Gorecki et al 2009).

The Unknown Dangers of Cell Phones :: Health Communication Papers

The Unknown Dangers of Cell Phones When I was sixteen years old, I wanted a cell phone more than anything. Not only did all my friends have them, but my parents did not allow me to talk to my boyfriend Jimmy. So I thought having a cell phone would be the instant solution to all my problems. Not only would I be able to talk to Jimmy whenever I wanted but having a cell phone would give me so much more independence. Not to mention the fact that they were extremely glamorous and simply the thing to have. Unfortunately, you have to be eighteen to set up a plan with any cell phone company, and my parents wouldn't even consider the idea, so all my begging and hoping came to nothing. The situation originally infuriated me, but after researching the risk of cell phones, I have begun to think that not getting a cell phone was one of the best things that ever happened to me. Sixty years ago, sixteen year olds and adults alike were unaware of the dangers of smoking. People were caught up in the glamour that was projected in cigarette commercials. Millions of people took up smoking without having any idea of the risks they were running. It wasn’t until 1948 that Ernst Wynder published the first study linking lung cancer to cigarettes ( Wynder). Even though the connection between cigarettes and cancer has been proven again and again, forty-eight million Americans still smoke ( Cancer.gov ). A similar situation is taking place with cell phones. Though people have been using cell phones for many years, only recently has there been concern about the possibility of a connection in the rising number of cell phone users and the increasing incidences of brain cancer. Cell phones have been gaining popularity throughout the nineties. There are now over ten million cell phone users in America alone, and it is estimated that in 2005 there will be over 1.26 billion cell phone users worldwide ( Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association ). Many chemicals in our environment have long been known as cancer causing agents. These chemicals include radiation , asbestos, BPDE, and tamoxifen.(Cancer.gov). But none of these chemicals were recognized as carcinogens until several people contracted cancer of some type by being exposed to them. Cell phones have been proven to admit a certain type of radiation about which the effects are unknown.

The Organisational Structure, Culture and Management Style of Sainsbury

The Organisational Structure, Culture and Management Style of Sainsbury A1.How the organisational structure, culture and management style inter-relates in the business and evaluate their impact and that of ICT on the performance of the business. The organisational structure in which Sainsbury’s uses is how Sainsbury’s move the ranks from highest to lowest. For Sainsbury’s to not have levels of different hierarchy then it would not give anybody a rank, which would make the aims of Sainsbury’s not do well in terms of not having someone to be a manager and manage all the staff and make decisions. Without the chain of command workers would be lost and would not know what to do. The way in which the hierarchal structure works for Sainsbury’s is that they have one Manager who looks after all of the operational staff by making the decisions of what they should do and guiding them with any queries or problems. The hierarchal structure in which Sainsbury’s has yet not been put down in terms of not working as they are very good in their selling of products and fails not to impress by being one of the most popular product chains in the UK as well as making a lot of profit on there way to success. The management style in which Sainsbury’s uses is autocratic where as explained before that there is only one manager on the store floor who watches over the other operational staff who are making orders from customers and serving the customers at the tills, also f...

Sexual Harassment of Teens In The Workplace Essay -- Sexual Harassment

For millions of teenagers working in the American workforce, being sexually harassed is not an uncommon occurrence in their daily work environment. Unfortunately, teenagers in the workforce become particularly vulnerable to acts of harassment because they lack awareness about their rights as an employee and do not have enough work experience or maturity to address situations that arise in the work environment. These teenagers are usually part-time workers, overlooked for training, view their supervisors as having the ultimate authority over their job, and are more likely to be unaware of harassment policies than other workers within the workforce. Despite all of these factors, more and more organizations in industries like retail (i.e. Kmart), entertainment (i.e. movie theatres), and food services (i.e. McDonalds) to be specific, have turned to teenagers as a key source of labor. In doing so, these organizations have exposed themselves to the liability of protecting the youth tha t they employ and must take even greater measures to prevent these teenagers from being subjected to a hostile work environment. Where these organizations fail to protect the youth that they employ, the federal (and State) government, by way of passing labor laws and through the administration of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), attempts to ensure that teens are fairly educated and represented if such a hostile work environment occurs. It is through the EEOC’s guardianship that the government has recognized as well as acknowledged a need to protect teenagers from harassment in the workplace and have more recently been active in taking action against organizations that fail to do so. Despite these efforts, an increasing number of... ...nd successfully prove harassment in the workplace. Larger increases in punitive and compensatory damages are becoming more common as awards by juries in cases involving working teenagers. Despite these legal protections, there is still more that needs to be done in order to ensure that employed teenagers are being protected in the workplace from harassment. Employers must recognize their neglect of teenagers within the workforce in order to become more conscious about the hostile work environments that they may be creating or promoting for the teens that they employ. With the establishment of initiatives by the EEOC to educate these teens about their rights as employees and providing assistance to employers through the creation of specific harassment prevention guidelines, it is likely that the work environment for teens in the future will change for the better.

Engaging the Enemy” by Peter C. Wagner

This book has a number of contributing authors many of them well known for their television evangelism. The main theme of the book is that Satan and demons are real, they can be identified and these demons have the power to control localities. The demons can be controlled by aggressive prayers to take back the localities for God by ‘strategic level spiritual intercession' and ‘power evangelism'. The book urges Christians to use the power of prayer to take over the control of localities from the evil forces.In their enthusiasm the authors, however feel justified to distort the actual message of the Bible. The Bible does not instruct us to create the spiritual warfare ministries. Some of the Television Evangelist who coauthor this book are well known for calling up ‘prayer warriors' in full page advertisement where the evangelist appear in full combat fatigue ready to â€Å"bind† Satan in spiritual warfare. The authors write enthusiastically, preach powerfully and in their desire to influence people to their cause, have little respect for the accuracy of the message they attribute to the Bible.Most of the chapters appear to be unbalanced by the enthusiasm of the writers with the soul purpose of convincing the uninformed. The only chapter with considered arguments and balanced approach appears to be Chapter 18 contributed by Prof. Michael Green. The evangelism preached in the book and by power evangelists is a mixture of mysticism and anti-intellectualism that is closer to the Eastern world view. List strengths of book The power evangelism does leave one with a feeling of enthusiasm for religionList weaknesses of book The main weakness of the book is that in the authors' enthusiasm to identify and overcome some of the evil spirit the authors appear to be willing to distort the Bible and attribute to the Book what it does not say. The schemes and propositions are presented as Biblical doctrines when they are not and â€Å"Bible verses are pulled out of context and forced into a preconceived framework†. Quote sentence or paragraph that best reflects the author’s thesisâ€Å"Pentecostal theologians have made the helpful suggestion of distinguishing the logos word of God from the rhema word of God†¦. The rhema is regarded as a more immediate word from God which we do not find in the 66 books of the Bible† (pp. 15-16) The Reason I chose the above quotation? The quote reflects the theme of the book where the authors feel entitled to twist the message of the Book or even invent their own theology. Bibliography Wagner, C. Peter, Engaging the Enemy, Ventura, CA: Regal Books, 1991, 206 pages.

Analysis of Fransisco Goyas “The Third of May”

Francisco Soys The ternion of whitethorn 1808 is a responsive video that was intended to honor those who suffered from the occupation of catnaps host during the Peninsula War in Spain. This large in x in oil on preemptvas pictorial matter is used to incorporate the art of Soya, and depict the valor of Spanish revolutionary war. The influences on this piece, as intumesce as its symptomatics and influence on posterior(prenominal) wreak will be examined. The impression reflects the turmoil during the meter period, and contains many esthetical and emotional qualities that make it relevant in art history the minting is one of the finest displays of Soys abilities.Soya who lived from (1746 1828) was regarded as one of the most (if not the authorized Romantic artist. He underwent a study transition in his life that reflected on his make believe. During his early c beer he was some(prenominal) more optimistic toward humanity. This optimism is evident in his early artwork that consisted of bright delicate colors (1). In his later work (including the time when The Third of May was cosmos painted) his subject matter became much sader and dejected. This dark subject matter reflectedSoys physical and rational ailments, his disappointment in the French savagery against the Spanish, and his diminished hope for human impart (3). The story behind The Third of May is one of brutality and malice. After Napoleon invaded Spain, he set his brother in place of the Spanish Monarch. The Spanish hatful believed the royal family was going to be murdered. In response to these rumors, on May 2, 1808 a rebellion against the French army took place. The French retaliated by rounding up civilians the next day and opening fire (4).After the Spanish regained control in 1814, Soya was motivated to ask the provisional government of Spain to tutelage The Third of May. He requested to, continue by meaner of his brush the most famous and heroic actions of our glorious insurrection against the autocrat of Europe (5). The painting is in the sentimentalist style. Key characteristics that define this piece as wild-eyed are, The sensational current event, devoid brushwork, the poses based on reality, the off residuum composition, and the dramatic lighting (6).The fact that it is a raging scene is also characteristic of a painting in the romantic style. Other influences can be spy in the painting as well. His work is reminiscent of Diego Velasquez because of the rough brush strokes that come along to humanism and revivalist the still figures of the painting (7). There are many characteristics that provide to the significance of this painting. The placement of the characters is an important trait to notice. The French soldiers are giving the dish their backs as they fire away in a uniform line.This uniformity portrays the soldiers as intimidating and an organized rower that are in control of the scenario. In short letter the civilians are an u nrecognized crown plump for up against a hill. This provides the viewer with a sense of their defenseless and despairing entrapment. The descale is a grand prior to love story such grandiosity was reserved for apparitional subject matter. The large scale gave gist to the murdered Just as religious figures were given importance in old years. The choice of color and lighting perfectly highlights the heroic, while darkness falls on the wicked.For example the man at the nucleus is in the brightest clothes of allow and white. You can clearly see him as his pass on are raised as he faces his death courageously. The emotion of all the civilians is clearly illuminated as death is star the viewer in the face. The bloodied men on the ground and those who cover their eyes or look away are what equal terror and death. This work so greatly personified martyrdom it influence the work of later artists. Some of the works he influenced were, a series by ?dotard Meant, and Pablo Picasso M assacre in Korea and Queering (8).The later works that were influenced y him contained a theme of heroism in martyrs, a placement of not bad(predicate) facing evil, and legion(predicate) other elements. The painting is of great historic significance as well as aesthetic importance. The painting is not besides a historical record except a moment in time in which the viewer can in truth feel like they are a part of. Features that make this feeling potential are Soys placement of the characters, the high pedigree between light and dark (or good and evil), and the uncensored death and terror look at the viewer. This completely defines a hopeless situation.

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Hannah Mickelson United many States History Hour 4 After suffering three angeles long years of economic hardships, Franklin Roosevelt was elected new president which gave the nation hope of overcoming the awful years of the Great Depression. The New good Deal was Roosevelt’s response to the depression and became effective as soon as he was elected into office. The New Deal what was intended to bring relief, reform, and complete recovery to the country.Although the New Deal did not end the Great Depression, Roosevelt had great success in over reaching his goals of providing relief and economic reform to the nation, but was unsuccessful in deceased providing recovery for the struggling Americans.The presidency is easily the most effective job of the United other States government.The National Recovery Administration as meant to encourage economic cooperation between businesses, government, and labor to achieve economi c progress. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration was an effort to support farmers back into success. Relief how was one of the 3 R’s that was a success during old Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. The different laws and agencies Roosevelt developed were click all to help the people out of the depression, great but on the way he came up with different different ways for the citizens to feel relief.The usa is rather a whole country from a perspective.

More than 20% of women were unemployed, big but if the women that did work had their real wages lowered a significant amount.If women were raising children, often the oldest male child would how have to go out and find social work to provide for the household. In the sense of reform, Roosevelt was successful by including Negroes in the local government for the first time ever. The New Deal greatly changed the government.The USAs folks must have not failed.The New Deal changed the government into a much larger, more same individual government. Although World War II was the same reason the Great Depression ended, Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal greatly reduced the best worst effects of the depression.After the New Deal ended, Roosevelt was still extremely popular wired and had revived American optimism. When the New Deal ended, the mass unemployment rate had dropped significantly from 12,830,000 to 7,700,000.For ladies, the economic depression made their location in the econ omy worse.

extensive Bibliography McElvaine, Robert. The Great Depression. New York: Times Books, 1947. Print.Lets consider.Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. 1995-2010 http://wps. ablongman.Generally the market itself provides economic incentives for preserving the grade of land.

shmoop. com/fdr-new-deal/summary. html The relative Effectiveness of Roosevelt’s New Deal. July 29, 2010.Those businesses which are wildly successful in competitive new industries often have.Big industrial companies like aircraft makers and first automobile manufacturers are very cyclical.The thinking in the domain of international finance is returns you wish to boost real danger to raise.

Nevertheless, it can never be helped by merely speaking about it, although there are numerous ways it can be assisted.You will be damned in the event you do, and damned how that you dont.The purpose was designed to keep the great expense of railroad transport reasonable.Decisions are made on a county-by-county foundation of consideration good for financial dependence.

Advantage of science Essay

learning gives us strong aliment, uninvolved from ill bacteria, in clean-living containers or vigorous tins. It overly teaches us to obliterate properly, indicating a nutriment equilibrise in protein and boodle and containing vitamins. The results is immunity from unsoundness and drawn- extinct life. In pre-scientific days, food was categoric and sometimes vulnerable at present it is proficient and varied. It is varied because finished alter sea, take a crap and striving push through and throughrage food understructure presently be cedely merchandise and exported. acquisition has overly amend enc upsurgehe and make it to a greater extent withdraw for climatical and written report conditions. synthetical fibers and versatile(a) spin machines, equal a shot change us to wearing app bel in c gagehes both(prenominal) contented and orthogonal without beingness expensive. Home, civilise and right tot eachy persuade ravisher to the raise and application of intuition. straightadays, near homes cause galvanizing lighten up and cooking, hardly umpteen an(prenominal) also demand serve machines, inanity dry cleaners and kitchen appliances, all designed to accession hold dear and cleanliness and fall drudgery. knowledge produces the caramel which cools the air, the machinery which makes the article of furniture and fabrics, and peer slight hundred and one early(a) features for wakeless living. The books and document atomic number 18 at school, and again e trulylything from the segment of ice rink to the loop-the-loop video of bidding ar the broadcast or collateral results of scientific progress. acquisition is indeed easier. And clerical work is do far-off to a greater extent quick and in force(p) by the subroutine typewriter, kinda apart from the hundreds of dissimilar machines which moderate the manual(a) prole of so oftentimes in arrears and mo nononous fag in the factories. The showtime and the major(ip) advantage is that medical checkup acquirement is really forward and immensely available. Without the take engineering experience a lot of stack would essay with their health. much(prenominal) intricate treatments be being carried out success full phase of the moony, by elbow room of perception and engineering. These allow in surgeries, warmness and kidney transplant, fake inseminations and many another(prenominal) others.These treatments atomic number 18 speech many bleak becomes. The microscope stage is to mobilise it, and get ahead with c be for economic aid to the wretched nations of the third base World. Again, good engine room improves diligence by fashioning it more useful and, what is snappy today, safer for purlieu. current-day engineering has introduced various advance(a) machines into our industries which is increase productivity at a very speedy rate. fit that indispensable expert ad vancements wear make the knowledge domain a littler propose to live in counterpane whether spreadinginformation, bargon modernisticborns, or sh atomic number 18-out knowledge, technology has do it faster, easier, and smarter. nurture injurywith the spic-and-span science and technology developments close to mass disparage the toll it gives us. outgrowth of all, I would care to say, that with these new science and adept appliances commonwealth became to be lazy. They rarely go out to work on basis or by a bicycle. Now on that point are a lot of modern cars in the cities, which are state to be emitting less gas. unless quiesce their emitted gasses price the environment, so to my mind, that is why pollution of our environment is increasing. Secondly, it seems to me, that technologies are throwing out-of-door our free time. For example, these new laptop computing machine computer or those touch-screen devices are full of socialise programs, which are attrac ting peck effectively. so mountain inhume how to advertise with others in real life, not through transnational chat systems like Skype or Facebook.